From "Animal Machines" to "Happy Meat"? Foucault's Ideas of Disciplinary and Pastoral Power Applied to 'Animal-Centred' Welfare Discourse.
From "Animal Machines" to "Happy Meat"? Foucault's Ideas of Disciplinary and Pastoral Power Applied to 'Animal-Centred' Welfare Discourse.
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DOI：
10.3390/ani1010083
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发表时间：
2011-01-11
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Cole M
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作者：
Cole M
本文考虑了“以动物为中心”的福利科学的一些最新发展，它承认“养殖”动物的感知，以及“快乐肉”市场的出现，这为关心的消费者提供了对“养殖”动物的照顾和考虑的保证。两者似乎都在挑战“工厂化农业”特有的工具性“机器”模式。然而，在这两种情况下，本文认为，这些考虑“养殖”动物福祉的话语，在促进对“养殖”动物的持续剥削的同时，起到了安抚和转移伦理关切的作用。米歇尔·福柯的著作追溯了人类治理技术的转变，从服从于人文科学知识形成的“温顺的身体”的生产（纪律权力），到由准治疗权威（田园权力）指导的自我知识的特定形式的自治主体的便利。虽然注意到人类主体的治理与非人类动物的压迫之间的重要差异，以非人类动物作为财产的法律地位为例，但本文探讨了人类与“养殖”动物关系从纪律到田园制度的平行转变。最近在“以动物为中心”的福利科学方面的创新代表了一种趋势，即远离与“工厂化农场”相关的禁闭和折磨的“纪律”技术，转向声称了解“养殖”动物的准治疗方法，在这种方法中，动物本身被纳入产生关于它们的知识的过程中。“以动物为中心”的福利的新田园转向在“快乐肉”的话语中得到了流行的表达，这种话语邀请“消费者”对他们所吃的“养殖”动物采取替代照顾的立场。这篇论文的结论是，虽然“以动物为中心”的福利改革和“幸福肉”的话语承诺了一些“养殖”动物不那么退化的生活的可能性，但它们是通过使剥削和压迫永永化以及通过使其不那么容易受到批判性审查而巩固物种主义特权来实现的。
This paper considers some recent developments in ‘animal-centred’ welfare science, which acknowledges the sentience of ‘farmed’ animals, alongside the emergence of a market for ‘happy meat’, which offers assurances of care and consideration for ‘farmed’ animals to concerned consumers. Both appear to challenge the instrumental ‘machine’ model characteristic of ‘factory farming’. However, in both cases, this paper argues that these discourses of consideration for the well-being of ‘farmed’ animals work to appease and deflect ethical concerns while facilitating the continued exploitation of ‘farmed’ animals. Michel Foucault's work traces shifting techniques in the governance of humans, from the production of ‘docile bodies’ subjected to the knowledge formations of the human sciences (disciplinary power), to the facilitation of self-governing agents directed towards specified forms of self-knowledge by quasi-therapeutic authorities (pastoral power). While mindful of the important differences between the governance of human subjects and the oppression of nonhuman animals, exemplified in nonhuman animals' legal status as property, this paper explores parallel shifts from disciplinary to pastoral regimes of human-‘farmed’ animal relations. Recent innovations in ‘animal-centred’ welfare science represent a trend away from the ‘disciplinary’ techniques of confinement and torture associated with ‘factory farms’ and towards quasi-therapeutic ways of claiming to know ‘farmed’ animals, in which the animals themselves are co-opted into the processes by which knowledge about them is generated. The new pastoral turn in ‘animal-centred’ welfare finds popular expression in ‘happy meat’ discourses that invite ‘consumers’ to adopt a position of vicarious carer for the ‘farmed’ animals who they eat. The paper concludes that while ‘animal-centred’ welfare reform and ‘happy meat’ discourses promise a possibility of a somewhat less degraded life for some ‘farmed’ animals, they do so by perpetuating exploitation and oppression and entrenching speciesist privilege by making it less vulnerable to critical scrutiny.