Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks
Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1110586109
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发表时间：
2012-03-20
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Leicht, E. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brummitt, Charles D.;D'Souza, Raissa M.;Leicht, E. A.
了解系统之间的相互依赖性如何影响级联行为在许多科学和工程领域越来越重要。受耦合电网和其他基础设施中级联减载的启发，我们研究了模块化随机图和基于实际相互依赖电网的图上的Bak-Tang-维森费尔德沙堆模型。从两个孤立的网络开始，在它们之间增加一些连接是有益的，因为它抑制了每个系统中最大的级联。然而，由于两个原因，太多的互联性变得有害。首先，互联为相邻网络造成大规模级联打开了通道。第二，就像在真实的基础设施中一样，新的互联增加了容量和总的可能负荷，这会引发更大的级联。使用多类型的分支过程和模拟，我们显示这些影响，并估计最佳水平的相互连接，平衡他们的权衡。例如，这种平衡可以允许电网所有者最小化其电网中的最大级联。我们还表明，相互依赖的网络之间的能力不对称影响的最佳连接，每个人都喜欢，并可能导致军备竞赛的更大的容量。我们的多类型分支过程框架提供了更好的预测模块化随机图和一般的多类型网络的级联过程的积木。
Understanding how interdependence among systems affects cascading behaviors is increasingly important across many fields of science and engineering. Inspired by cascades of load shedding in coupled electric grids and other infrastructure, we study the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model on modular random graphs and on graphs based on actual, interdependent power grids. Starting from two isolated networks, adding some connectivity between them is beneficial, for it suppresses the largest cascades in each system. Too much interconnectivity, however, becomes detrimental for two reasons. First, interconnections open pathways for neighboring networks to inflict large cascades. Second, as in real infrastructure, new interconnections increase capacity and total possible load, which fuels even larger cascades. Using a multitype branching process and simulations we show these effects and estimate the optimal level of interconnectivity that balances their trade-offs. Such equilibria could allow, for example, power grid owners to minimize the largest cascades in their grid. We also show that asymmetric capacity among interdependent networks affects the optimal connectivity that each prefers and may lead to an arms race for greater capacity. Our multitype branching process framework provides building blocks for better prediction of cascading processes on modular random graphs and on multitype networks in general.