You don't have to believe everything you read: background knowledge permits fast and efficient validation of information.
You don't have to believe everything you read: background knowledge permits fast and efficient validation of information.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0014038
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发表时间：
2009-03
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Tobias Richter;Sascha Schroeder;Britta Wöhrmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tobias Richter;Sascha Schroeder;Britta Wöhrmann
在社会认知中，基于知识的信息验证通常被认为依赖于战略和资源需求过程。相反，对语言理解的研究表明，验证过程参与了对所传达信息的参照表征的构建。这种观点意味着个人可以用他们的知识以常规和有效的方式验证传入的信息。与这一观点一致，实验1和2表明，当个体拥有与有效性相关的信念时，他们能够有效地拒绝错误的断言。即使个体在理解过程中承受额外的认知负荷，验证过程也会常规性地进行。实验3表明，在非语义任务中，对虚假信息的拒绝是自动发生的，并且会干扰肯定反应（认知Stroop效应）。实验4还揭示了非语义任务中真实信息与消极反应的互补干扰效应。这些结果表明，存在快速有效的验证过程，可以保护心理表征不受虚假和不准确信息的污染。
In social cognition, knowledge-based validation of information is usually regarded as relying on strategic and resource-demanding processes. Research on language comprehension, in contrast, suggests that validation processes are involved in the construction of a referential representation of the communicated information. This view implies that individuals can use their knowledge to validate incoming information in a routine and efficient manner. Consistent with this idea, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that individuals are able to reject false assertions efficiently when they have validity-relevant beliefs. Validation processes were carried out routinely even when individuals were put under additional cognitive load during comprehension. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the rejection of false information occurs automatically and interferes with affirmative responses in a nonsemantic task (epistemic Stroop effect). Experiment 4 also revealed complementary interference effects of true information with negative responses in a nonsemantic task. These results suggest the existence of fast and efficient validation processes that protect mental representations from being contaminated by false and inaccurate information.