Anatomy and embryology of the Wing Musculature of the domestic fowl (gallus)
Anatomy and embryology of the Wing Musculature of the domestic fowl (gallus)
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家禽（鸡内鸡）翅膀肌肉组织的解剖学和胚胎学
DOI：
10.1071/zo9620458
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发表时间：
1962
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
G. Sullivan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Sullivan
本文对家禽翅膀和胸带的肌肉组织进行了重新描述。研究了肌肉组织的胚胎发育，并阐明了鸟类和爬行动物肩部几种肌肉的同源性。与其他已经研究过的四足动物一样，家禽前肢的肌肉组织在胚胎中首先出现为一对相对的浓缩间充质块，一个腹侧，另一个背侧，在肢芽中独立于体节形成。这些前肌群是叶状的，它们的叶状使得在个体肌肉分化之前的非常早期的发育阶段能够识别各种肌肉群的原基。终末肌是由前肌群的分裂过程形成的。这种分裂是以一种有序的顺序发生的，这与蜥蜴、龟和负鼠中所描述的非常相似。它的结论是，在这些脊椎动物的不同的分类群的裂的模式和前肌群众的叶状轮廓的相似性是肢体肌肉的系统发育史的反映。因此，在分类学上彼此相距甚远的四足动物的肌肉同源性，可以通过比较它们的胚胎学来确定，而不是通过比较肌肉之间的关系被适应性变化所掩盖的成年动物来确定。由于仅限于成年动物的研究很难确定同源性，因此肌的命名有些混乱。因此，为了稳定鸟类的命名法，对鸟类翅膀肌肉的名称进行了修订;此外，就比较胚胎学数据允许得出结论而言，已经尝试了一些初步步骤，以统一命名法，普遍适用于所有四足动物的肌肉。
The anatomy of the musculature of the wing and pectoral girdle of the domestic fowl is redescribed. The embryonic development of the musculature has been studied, and the homologies of several muscles of the avian and reptilian shoulder regions have been elucidated. As in other tetrapods which have been studied, the musculature of the fore limb of the fowl first appears in the embryo as a pair of opposed masses of condensed mesenchyme, one ventral and the other dorsal, forming in the limb bud independently of the somites. These premuscle masses are lobed, and their lobation enables the identification of the primordia of various muscle groups at a very early stage of development, before the individual muscles have differentiated. The definitive muscles are formed by a process of splitting or cleavage of the premuscle masses. The cleavages take place in an orderly sequence, which closely resembles that which has been described in the lizard Lacerta, the turtle Chrysemys, and the opossum Didelphys. It is concluded that the resemblances in the lobate outlines of the premuscle masses and in the pattern of cleavages in these vertebrates of different taxonomic groups are a reflection of the phylogenetic history of the limb muscles. Thus the homologies of muscles in tetrapods widely separated from one another taxonomically can be determined more reliably by comparing their embryology than by comparing adults in which the relationships of the muscles are obscured by adaptive changes. Myological nomenclature is somewhat confused, owing to the difficulty of determining homologies by studies confined to adult animals. A revision of the names of avian wing muscles has therefore been carried out with the aim of stabilizing the nomenclature for birds; in addition, some preliminary steps towards a uniform nomenclature generally applicable to the muscles of all tetrapods have been essayed, so far as comparative embryological data permit conclusions to be drawn.