Community composition, structure, and interrelationships in the marine intertidal Endocladia muricata – Balanus glandula association in Monterey Bay, California
Community composition, structure, and interrelationships in the marine intertidal Endocladia muricata – Balanus glandula association in Monterey Bay, California
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加利福尼亚州蒙特利湾海洋潮间带 Endocladia muricata – Balanus 腺体协会的群落组成、结构和相互关系
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发表时间：
1965
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通讯作者：
P. Glynn
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作者：
P. Glynn
1959-1961年在加州太平洋格罗夫的霍普金斯海洋站的岩石海岸上进行了内枝藤壶-藤壶群丛的群落组成、结构和种间关系的研究。组成这种生物组合的生物在潮间带岩石上形成一个大约两英尺宽的水平带。该带的中心在潮汐基准面以上的测量高度平均为4.6英尺，但现场观测表明，在该水平面的各种条件下实际经历的暴露和浸没时间与潮汐基准面以上约3.8英尺的预测时间相同。研究了相对温和的海洋和陆地气候与高潮和低潮期的关系。该协会的组成，确定样方样本，定性收集和实地观察。共列举了至少93个底栖和过渡物种，属于15个主要群体。在不同地区和不同季节采集的群落中心附近的样品表明，物种组成具有很大的相似性和稳定性。该组合中的35个物种是常见的，在可行的情况下，对每个物种的生物学进行了以下方面的研究：（a）生境生态位，（B）活动模式，（c）机体有机质含量（基于干重和氮含量），（d）季节性发生，（e）种群结构，（f）生殖活动，（g）食物关系，（四）增长率。最具特征的物种是：红藻门-内枝藻、Gigartina agardhii;扁形动物门-活动背平虫;纽形动物门-纤细纽形虫、纤细纽形虫;环节动物门-Syllis spenceri、S. vittata、刺萼草S.软体动物门（8种腹足类、1种石鳖和3种双壳类）-毛地黄尖壳藻（Acmaea digitalis）、沙蚕（A. grubei）、围沙蚕（Perinereis monterea）; scabra、糙叶草A. pelta、小滨螺Littorina scutulata、L. planaxis、螺旋蛤、Thais embryata、Tegula funebralis、Cyanoplax dentiens、Lasaea cistula、Mytilus californianus、Musculus sp.;节肢动物门（7种甲壳类、2种昆虫和3种螨类）-腺藤壶（Balanus glandula）、Chthalus dalli、C. microtretus，光滑动力菌（Dynamenella glabra），细鳞拟谷盗（Allenestes ptilocerus），Hyale sp.，粗足厚纹藻、密纹藻、大理色亮大蚊、Agauopsis sp.，空间关系的研究表明，在E. muricata，并在空间形成的考验，无论是活的和死的B。腺体对34种最常见动物的食物研究表明，7种是滤食性动物，10种是以结壳形式为食的草食性浏览者和刮削者，6种是以大型底栖藻类为食的草食性动物，5种是杂食性动物和清道夫，6种是食肉动物，主要捕食滤食性动物和刮削草食动物。在高潮期间存在的浮游物质按绝对量递减的顺序为：（a）大型植物碎片，（B）浮游植物，（c）其他有机碎屑，（d）浮游动物，（e）无机碎屑。全年每立方米海水约有570毫克干重。在内枝纲-藤壶属地带的中心，任何时候出现的所有物种中超过显微镜大小的个体的平均数量为210，000/ m²，平均干重生物量为2，640 g/m²，平均氮含量为25 g/m²。在定量和定性方面，内枝藤壶-藤壶组合与日本海的Gloiopeltis-Chthalus组合以及英国岩石海岸的Chthalus-Pygmaea带显示出相当大的相似性。根据主要营养组现存作物的蛋白质含量对相关性进行的分析表明：滤食性动物，84克/平方米;较大的红藻及其附着的附生植物，58克/平方米;常驻食草动物，12克/平方米;临时食草动物，1.2克/平方米;常驻食肉动物，0.9克/平方米;临时食肉动物，0.8克/平方米;杂食动物和食腐动物，1.3 g/m²。虽然刮食和放牧食草动物以该区域生产的藻类为食，但该协会消耗的大部分食物都来自高水位时悬浮碎屑和浮游生物的进口。
Studies of the community composition, structure and species interrelationships of the Endocladia-Balanus association were carried out on the rocky shores at the Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California, over the period 1959—1961. The organisms making up this biotic association form a horizontal band approximately two feet wide on intertidal rocks. The center of this belt averaged 4.6 ft in surveyed height above tidal datum, but field observations showed that the periods of exposure and submersion actually experienced under a variety of conditions at this level are those predicted for a level of about 3.8 ft above tidal datum. Selected aspects of the relatively mild marine and terrestrial climates were studied in relation to the high and low water periods. The composition of the association was determined from quadrat samples, qualitative collections and field observations. A total of at least 93 benthic and transient species was enumerated, belonging to 15 major groups. Samples taken near the center of the association in different areas and at different seasons demonstrated great similarity and stability in species composition. Thirty-five of the species present in the assemblage were of common occurrence, and where feasible the following aspects of the biology of each were studied: (a) habitat niche, (b) activity patterns, (c) organic matter content of the body (based on the dry weight and nitrogen content), (d) seasonal occurrence, (e) population structure, (f) reproductive activity, (g) food relationships, and (h) growth rate. The most characteristic species were: Rhodophyta-Endocladia muricata, Gigartina agardhii; Platyhelminthes-Notoplana acticola; Nemertea- Emplectonema gracile, Nemertopsis gracilis; Annelida-Syllis spenceri, S. vittata, S. armillaris, Nereis grubei, Perinereis monterea; Bryozoa- Filicrisia franciscana; Mollusca (8 gastropods, 1 chiton, and 3 bivalves)- Acmaea digitalis, A. scabra, A. pelta, Littorina scutulata, L. planaxis, Acanthina spirata, Thais emarginata, Tegula funebralis, Cyanoplax dentiens, Lasaea cistula, Mytilus californianus, Musculus sp.; Arthropoda (7 crustaceans, 2 insects, and 3 mites)- Balanus glandula, Chthamalus dalli, C. microtretus, Dynamenella glabra, Allorchestes ptilocerus, Hyale sp., Pachygrapsus crassipes, Diaulota densissima, Limonia marmorata, Agauopsis sp., a mesostigmatid mite, and Suidasia sp. A study of space relations shows that a multitude of species live among the holdfast branchlets and along the blades of E. muricata, and in the spaces formed by the tests of both living and dead B. glandula. Food studies of the 34 commonest animal species show that seven are filter feeders, ten are herbivorous browsers and scrapers feeding on encrusting forms, six are herbivores feeding on the large benthic algae, five are omnivores and scavengers, and six are carnivores which prey mostly on filter feeders and scraping herbivores. Pelagic materials present during high tide periods, in order of decreasing absolute volume, were: (a) large plant fragments, (b) phytoplankton, (c) other organic detritus, (d) zooplankton, and (e) inorganic detritus. Approximately 570 mg dry weight was available per m³ of sea water throughout the year. For the center of the Endocladia-Balanus zone the mean number of individuals above microscopic size of all species present at any time was 210,000/ m², the mean dry weight biomass was 2,640 g/m², and the mean nitrogen content was 25 g/m². In quantitative as well as qualitative terms, the Endocladia-Balanus association shows considerable similarity with the Gloiopeltis- Chthamalus association in the Sea of Japan and with the Chthamalus-Pygmaea zone on English rocky shores. Analysis of the association in terms of the protein content of the standing crop for the major trophic groups shows the following: filter feeding animals, 84 g/m²; larger red algae and their attached epiphytes, 58 g/m²; resident herbivores, 12 g/m²; a transient herbivore, 1.2 g/m²; resident carnivores, 0.9 g/m²; transient carnivores, 0.8 g/m²; omnivores and scavengers, 1.3 g/m². Although the scraping and grazing herbivores feed on algae produced in the zone, much of the food consumed in the association is derived by import of suspended detritus and plankton at high water.