The Asian winter monsoon
The Asian winter monsoon
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DOI：
10.1007/3-540-37722-0_3
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Chih-Pei Chang;Zhuo Wang;H. Hendon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chih-Pei Chang;Zhuo Wang;H. Hendon
在二十世纪的大部分时间里，亚洲季风和印度季风这两个术语在英语文献中几乎可以互换使用。然而，现在人们越来越认识到，在东亚和西北太平洋的广大地区，天气主要是风的季节性反转和年变化中明确定义的降雨过多时期。东亚副热带和中纬度地区的雨季与南亚的雨季重叠，两者都是亚洲夏季风的不同组成部分，盛行地面西南风。在本章中，我们将概述亚洲冬季季风，其中盛行的地面风是赤道以北的东北风。本章将重点关注东亚周边地区，那里是亚洲冬季风活动的主要中心。对于南亚地区的寒带冬季天气系统，读者可参考本书第4章。在北半球冬季，最高热量从南亚的北半球夏季位置转移到海洋大陆±澳大利亚北部地区。在赤道以北，从西太平洋到印度洋的大片纵向跨度盛行低层东北风。尽管差异加热和由此产生的热直接循环是亚洲冬季和亚洲夏季季风环流的原因，但这两种季风的不同之处不止一处。一方面，亚洲冬季风的热源区距离赤道更近(Krishnamurti，1971)，地球自转的影响减弱。另一方面，亚洲冬季风的环流涵盖了更大的经向域，使得热带地区与温带地区有很强的相互作用。亚洲冬季风的温带部分以盛行低层东北风为特征，这与地表西伯利亚±蒙古高压（SMH）的反气旋环流有关。这是一种强烈的冷芯高压，经常
During most of the twentieth century the terms Asian monsoon and Indian monsoon have been used nearly interchangeably in the English literature. However, it is now increasingly realized that over vast regions of east Asia and the western North Pacific the weather is dominated by a seasonal reversal of wind and a clearly defined period of overabundant rainfall in the annual variations. The wet season of the subtropical and mid-latitude east Asia overlaps with that of south Asia, and both are distinct components of the Asian summer monsoon when surface south-westerly winds prevail. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the Asian winter monsoon, in which the prevailing surface winds are north-easterly north of the equator. This chapter will focus on areas surrounding east Asia where most of the centers of activities of the Asian winter monsoon are located. For boreal winter weather systems over south Asia, the readers are referred to Chapter 4 of this book. During boreal winter, the maximum heating moves from its boreal summer location over south Asia to the Maritime Continent±northern Australian region. North of the equator, low-level north-easterly winds prevail over a large longitudinal span, from the western Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Although differential heating and the resultant thermal direct circulation are responsible for both the Asian winter and the Asian summer monsoon circulations, the two monsoons differ in more than one way. On the one hand, the heat source region of the Asian winter monsoon is much closer to the equator (Krishnamurti, 1971), where the effect of the Earth's rotation is diminished. On the other hand, the circulation of the Asian winter monsoon encompasses a larger meridional domain such that the tropical region has a strong interaction with the extratropical region. The extratropical component of the Asian winter monsoon is characterized by prevailing low-level north-easterlies that are associated with the anticyclonic circulations of the surface Siberian±Mongolian high (SMH). This is a strong cold-core high pressure that often