Economic Incentives to Improve Water Quality in Agricultural Landscapes: Some New Variations on Old Ideas
Economic Incentives to Improve Water Quality in Agricultural Landscapes: Some New Variations on Old Ideas
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改善农业景观水质的经济激励：旧观念的一些新变化
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Kling
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Kling
农业养分和其他排放物仍然是全国大部分地区水质退化的主要来源。根据《清洁水法》，许多此类来源被归类为“非点源”，因此不受大多数联邦法规和强制性标准的约束。此外，许多农业非点源排放难以计量，其造成的损害取决于输送到水道的数量。在玉米带的大部分地区，从密集的行栽作物农业中流出的养分（特别是氮和磷）证实了这些问题。缺乏可执行的标准以及营养物归宿和迁移的物理特性使得制定有效的政策具有挑战性，过去几十年来缺乏重大进展就是证明。
Agricultural nutrients and other emissions remain a primary source of water quality degradation in much of the nation. Many such sources are classified as “nonpoint†sources under the Clean Water Act and are therefore exempt from most federal regulations and enforceable standards. In addition, many agricultural nonpoint source emissions are difficult to measure and the damages that result from them depend on the amount that is transported to the waterways. Nutrient runoff (particularly nitrogen and phosphorous) from intensive row crop agriculture in much of the cornbelt exemplifies these issues. Both the lack of enforceable standards and the physical characteristics of nutrient fate and transport make the design of efficient policy challenging, as witnessed by the lack of significant progress over the last several decades.