Properties of hail storms over China and the United States from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
Properties of hail storms over China and the United States from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
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热带雨量测量任务对中国和美国冰雹的特性
DOI：
10.1002/2016jd025600
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发表时间：
2016-10-27
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Cecil, Daniel J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ni, Xiang;Liu, Chuntao;Cecil, Daniel J.
美国南部和中国气象站 16 年的冰雹报告记录与来自热带降雨测量任务 (TRMM) 雷达和被动微波观测的降水特征 (PF) 相匹配。两国报告冰雹的方式存在差异，因此很难就风暴频率得出有意义的结论。但将两者结合起来会产生各种各样的冰雹尺寸，适合与遥感测量进行比较。美国的冰雹报告以尺寸大于19毫米的冰雹为主，而中国报告的冰雹主要包括直径1-10毫米的冰雹，并且大多发生在青藏高原。美国平原地区与冰雹报告同时出现的冰雹比例达到3%，而中国高海拔地区的比例高于低海拔地区。与中国报道的较小冰雹相比，冰雹 PF（美国报道）表现出更低的亮度温度、更高的闪电频率、更强的最大反射率和更高的回波顶部。我国高海拔（≥2000米）冰雹PF近地表最大反射率平均比低海拔小5分贝左右。据报道，较大的冰雹在 6 公里以上的范围内具有较强的最大反射率，但在大小冰雹尺寸低于 5 公里的风暴中，最大反射率值的中位数相似。
A 16 year record of hail reports over the south U.S. and from weather stations in China are collocated with precipitation features (PFs) derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar and passive microwave observations. Differences in the way hail is reported in the two nations make it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions about storm frequency. But taking the two together yields a wide spectrum of hail sizes, suitable for comparing with remote sensing measurements. While U.S. hail reports are dominated by cases with hail size greater than 19 mm, hail reports in China mostly include diameters of 1–10 mm and mostly occur over the Tibetan Plateau. The fraction of PFs collocated with hail reports (hail PFs) reaches 3% in the plains of the U.S. In China, the fraction is higher in high elevation regions than low elevation regions. Hail PFs (as reported in the U.S.) show lower brightness temperatures, higher lightning flash rates, stronger maximum reflectivity, and higher echo tops than those with smaller hail, as reported in China. The average near surface maximum reflectivity of hail PFs at high elevations (≥2000 m) in China is about 5 dB smaller than those at low elevations. Larger hail is reported with PFs having stronger maximum reflectivity above 6 km, though the median of maximum reflectivity values at levels below 5 km is similar among the storms with large and small hail sizes.