Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus.
Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus.
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DOI：
10.3389/fcimb.2017.00286
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Voyich JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guerra FE;Borgogna TR;Patel DM;Sward EW;Voyich JM
中性粒细胞是人类血液中含量最丰富的白细胞，也是细菌突破上皮屏障后的第一道防线。在迁移到感染部位后，中性粒细胞与入侵的微生物接触并暴露于抗菌肽和蛋白质以及活性氧物种，作为其杀菌库的一部分。理想情况下，中性粒细胞吞噬细菌以防止对周围细胞和组织的破坏，通过抗菌机制杀死入侵的微生物，经历程序性细胞死亡以最大限度地减少炎症，并被巨噬细胞清除。金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)是一种常见的革兰氏阳性菌，可引起从皮肤感染到心内膜炎等多种疾病。自从发现金黄色葡萄球菌以来，它一直是一个强大的中性粒细胞敌人，挑战了这种职业刺客的效力。事实上，中性粒细胞对金黄色葡萄球菌的适当清除对阳性感染结果至关重要，而金黄色葡萄球菌已经发展出逃避中性粒细胞杀伤的机制。在这里，我们将综述金黄色葡萄球菌调节和逃避中性粒细胞杀菌机制的机制，包括启动、激活、趋化、产生活性氧和消除感染。我们还将重点介绍金黄色葡萄球菌如何利用感觉/调节系统来产生专门针对触发信号的毒力因子，例如中性粒细胞和防御素。最后，我们将提供可能增强中性粒细胞抗微生物功能的治疗方法的概述。
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood and the first line of defense after bacteria have breached the epithelial barriers. After migration to a site of infection, neutrophils engage and expose invading microorganisms to antimicrobial peptides and proteins, as well as reactive oxygen species, as part of their bactericidal arsenal. Ideally, neutrophils ingest bacteria to prevent damage to surrounding cells and tissues, kill invading microorganisms with antimicrobial mechanisms, undergo programmed cell death to minimize inflammation, and are cleared away by macrophages. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium that is a common commensal and causes a wide range of diseases from skin infections to endocarditis. Since its discovery, S. aureus has been a formidable neutrophil foe that has challenged the efficacy of this professional assassin. Indeed, proper clearance of S. aureus by neutrophils is essential to positive infection outcome, and S. aureus has developed mechanisms to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we will review mechanisms used by S. aureus to modulate and evade neutrophil bactericidal mechanisms including priming, activation, chemotaxis, production of reactive oxygen species, and resolution of infection. We will also highlight how S. aureus uses sensory/regulatory systems to tailor production of virulence factors specifically to the triggering signal, e.g., neutrophils and defensins. To conclude, we will provide an overview of therapeutic approaches that may potentially enhance neutrophil antimicrobial functions.