The microbiome of glaciers and ice sheets.
The microbiome of glaciers and ice sheets.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41522-017-0019-0
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Benning LG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anesio AM;Lutz S;Chrismas NAM;Benning LG
冰川和冰盖，像其他生物群落一样，占据了地球上的一个重要区域，并与其物理和化学环境有着独特的相互作用和反馈。在冰川生物群落的情况下，生物过程几乎完全由微生物群落主导。冰川和冰盖上有足够的液态水来维持微生物活动的微生物包括雪、表面冰、冰屑洞、冰内系统和冰与覆盖的岩石/土壤之间的界面。世界各地冰川和冰盖的不同特定冰川生境之间存在着显著的相似性，特别是在其主要初级生产者和生态系统工程师方面。在表面，蓝藻主导的碳生产在水生/沉积物系统，如cryoconite孔，而真核Zygnematales和Chlamydomonadales主导冰面和雪动力学，分别。微生物驱动的化能无机营养过程与冰下生态系统中的硫和铁循环和C转化相关，为冰下岩石界面的化学转化提供了基础，这是向下游生态系统输送营养物质的重要机制。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了冰川和冰盖的主要生态系统工程师，以及他们如何与他们的化学和物理环境相互作用。然后，我们讨论了这种微生物活性对冰冷的微生物组下游生态系统的地球化学的影响。
Glaciers and ice sheets, like other biomes, occupy a significant area of the planet and harbour biological communities with distinct interactions and feedbacks with their physical and chemical environment. In the case of the glacial biome, the biological processes are dominated almost exclusively by microbial communities. Habitats on glaciers and ice sheets with enough liquid water to sustain microbial activity include snow, surface ice, cryoconite holes, englacial systems and the interface between ice and overridden rock/soil. There is a remarkable similarity between the different specific glacial habitats across glaciers and ice sheets worldwide, particularly regarding their main primary producers and ecosystem engineers. At the surface, cyanobacteria dominate the carbon production in aquatic/sediment systems such as cryoconite holes, while eukaryotic Zygnematales and Chlamydomonadales dominate ice surfaces and snow dynamics, respectively. Microbially driven chemolithotrophic processes associated with sulphur and iron cycle and C transformations in subglacial ecosystems provide the basis for chemical transformations at the rock interface under the ice that underpin an important mechanism for the delivery of nutrients to downstream ecosystems. In this review, we focus on the main ecosystem engineers of glaciers and ice sheets and how they interact with their chemical and physical environment. We then discuss the implications of this microbial activity on the icy microbiome to the biogeochemistry of downstream ecosystems.