Postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows
Postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows
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奶牛产后子宫疾病
作者：
K. Galvão
奶牛子宫疾病可分为产后子宫炎、临床性子宫炎、临床性子宫内膜炎和亚临床性子宫内膜炎。这些疾病在高产奶牛中高度流行(影响20%至30%的奶牛)，并与每次人工授精(AI)妊娠率下降、怀孕间隔延长、扑杀增加和经济损失有关。产后子宫炎的特征是子宫异常增大，伴有全身疾病迹象的恶臭的水红色棕色子宫分泌物，以及21天内发烧(>；39.5摄氏度)。动物无全身症状，但子宫增大，21天内有恶臭的子宫分泌物，可归类为临床型子宫炎。临床子宫内膜炎的特征是21天后出现化脓性(50%)子宫分泌物，或26天后出现粘液脓性分泌物(50%是脓液，50%是粘液)。在没有临床子宫内膜炎的情况下，亚临床子宫内膜炎的定义是子宫细胞学标本中有18%的中性粒细胞(PMN)存在于21到33 mm之间或>；10%的PMN在34到47 mm之间。主要的危险因素是难产、双胞胎、胎盘滞留、死产、流产、子宫脱垂和酮症。子宫内炎可以通过全身或宫内抗生素治疗获得成功。肌肉注射头孢硫氟(Excenel®)或皮下注射头孢硫呋晶型游离酸(Excede®)可有效治疗子宫炎，而宫内注射土霉素可有效消除子宫炎对产奶量和生育力的负面影响。头孢哌林钠(Metricure®)宫内给药是临床和亚临床子宫内膜炎的有效治疗方法，尽管在美国未获批准。前列腺素F2α对临床或亚临床子宫内膜炎的治疗似乎无效。
Uterine diseases in dairy cows can be classified as puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, clinical endometritis, and subclinical endometritis. These diseases are highly prevalent (affect between 20 and 30% of dairy cows) in high producing dairy cows and have been associated with decreased pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI), extended interval to pregnancy, increased culling, and economic losses. Puerperal metritis is characterized by the presence of an abnormally enlarged uterus, a fetid watery red-brownish uterine discharge associated with signs of systemic illness, and fever (>39.5 o C) within 21 days in milk (DIM). Animals without systemic signs but with an enlarged uterus and a fetid uterine discharge within 21 DIM may be classified as having clinical metritis. Clinical endometritis is characterized by the presence of purulent (>50%) uterine discharge after 21 DIM or mucopurulent (50% pus, 50% mucus) after 26 DIM. In the absence of clinical endometritis, subclinical endometritis is defined by the presence of >18% neutrophils (PMN) in uterine cytology samples collected between 21 and 33 DIM or >10% PMN between 34 and 47 DIM. The main risk factors are dystocia, twins, retained placenta, stillbirth, abortion, prolapsed uterus, and ketosis. Metritis can be successfully treated either by systemic or intrauterine antibiotic treatment. Ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel ® ) intramuscularly or ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (Excede ® ) subcutaneously are effective in treating metritis, and oxytetracycline intrauterine is effective in abrogating the negative effects of metritis on milk yield and fertility. Intrauterine administration of cephapirin benzathine (Metricure ® ) is an effective treatment for clinical and subclinical endometritis, although not approved in the United States. Administration of PGF2α does not seem effective for the treatment of clinical or subclinical endometritis.