Vocalization of European wolves (Canis lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canis lupus f. fam.)
Vocalization of European wolves (Canis lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canis lupus f. fam.)
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DOI：
10.5194/aab-43-387-2000
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发表时间：
2000-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Feddersen-Petersen, DU
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Feddersen-Petersen, DU
家养狗的吠叫仍然是一个有争议的话题。虽然一些作者认为狗吠是一种在驯化过程中变得越来越复杂的声音表达方式，但其他人将这种声音类型称为“非交流性”。然而，针对个体声音类型的声乐曲目很少，而且几乎没有对低强度、近距离发声进行研究，但这种类型的发声对于更社会化的犬科动物尤其重要，因此对于人与狗的交流和狗的理解尤其重要。迄今为止发表的大多数调查都是基于听觉印象，缺乏客观性。本研究中使用的主要方法是超声检查。这有助于声音的识别并揭示主观分类是否可以通过客观测量的参数来验证。最后，对所描述的所有主要声音的含义、功能和情感进行了检查，并根据声音结构和信号功能之间的关系、信号发射和作为行为反应的社会背景以及重叠的沟通渠道进行了讨论。研究人员将 11 只欧洲狼的声音交流个体发育与各种犬种（8 只标准贵宾犬、8 只玩具贵宾犬、15 只小明斯特兰德犬、11 只威玛猎犬、16 只特武伦犬、12 只美国斯塔福德郡梗犬和 13 只德国牧羊犬、12 只阿拉斯加雪橇犬和 9 只牛头梗犬）从出生到 8 岁进行了比较(12) 周分别。 4 (12) 个月大。噪声和谐波声音组作为首要单位分别进行分析。使用以下参数：fmax = 光谱图像声音的最大值 (Hz)，xfo = 谐波声音最低频带的平均值 (Hz)，xfd = 噪声声音最强振幅频率的平均值 (Hz)，delta f = 声音的频率范围 (Hz)，声音的持续时间 (ms)。统计分析在“Statistica”版本 4,0 上运行。在声音类型吠叫中，根据特定环境的光谱设计和行为反应，将 2 至 12 个亚基分为不同品种。功能/情感的类别包括 f.e.社交游戏、拉客游戏、探索、照顾、社交接触和“问候”、孤独和竞争行为。 “互动”是桅杆吠叫最常见的社会背景类别（占发生次数的 56%）。尤其是近距离发声，涉及大多数家犬的主要声音类型，即吠声，进化得高度可变。然而，家犬的生态位差异很大，就像狗的个体差异一样，这在很大程度上具有品种特征。因此，狗发声的复杂性以及交际价值的增强是通过许多吠声子单元来实现的，其中一些子单元代表特定的动机、信息和表达。通过在吠叫环境中使用混合声音，狗的声音库变得更加复杂。过渡和渐变在很大程度上是通过树皮声发生的：和声、中间和嘈杂的子单元。
Barking in domestic dogs still remains a topic of controversial discussions. While some authors assess dog-barking an acoustic means of expression becoming more and more sophisticated during domestication, others name this sound type "non-communicative". Vocal repertoires as works on individual sound types are rare, however, and there has been almost no work done on low-intensity, close-range vocalizations, yet such types of vocalization are especially important with the more social canids, hence, with the human-dog-communication and understanding of dogs. Most of the investigations published so far are based on auditive sound impressions and lack objectivity. The principal method used in this study was sonagraphic. This facilitates the identification of sounds and reveales, whether subjective classification can be verified by objectively measured parameters. Finally, meanings, functions and emotions were examined for all the major sounds described and are discussed in terms of relationships between sound structure and signal function, signal emission and social context as behavioural response, and overlapping channels of communication. Ontogeny of acoustic communication in 11 European wolves has been compared to various dog breeds (8 Standard Poodles, 8 Toy Poodles, 15 Kleine Munsterlander, 11 Weimaraner Hunting Dogs, 16 Tervueren, 12 American Staffordshire Terriers, and 13 German Shepherds, 12 Alaskan Malamutes, and 9 Bull Terriers) from birth up to 8 (12) weeks resp. 4 (12) months of age. Noisy and harmonic sound groups were analysed separately as overriding units. Following parameters were used: fmax = maximum of spectrographic pictured sounds (Hz), xfo = mean of the lowest frequency band of harmonic sounds (Hz), xfd = mean of the frequency of strongest amplitude of noisy sounds (Hz), delta f = frequency range of sounds (Hz), duration of sounds (ms). Statistical analysis was run on "Statistica", Release 4,0. Within the sound type barking 2 to 12 subunits were classified in the different breeds, according to their context-specific spectrographic design, and behavioural responses. Categories of function/emotion include f.e. social play, play soliticing, exploration, caregiving, social contact and "greeting", loneliness, and agonistc behaviours. "Interaction" was the most common category of social context for masted barkings (56% of occurences). Especially close-range vocalizations, concerning the major sound type of most domestic dogs, the bark, evolved highly variable. However, the ecological niche of domestic dogs is highly variable, just as the individual differences in the dogs are, which seem to be breed-typical to a great extent. Thus, complexity within the dog's vocal repertoire, and therefore enhancement of its communicative value, is achieved by many subunits of bark, some standing for specific motivations, informations and expressions. Complexity within the dogs' vocal repertoire is extended by the use of mixed sounds in the barking context. Transitions and gradations to a great extend occur via bark sounds: harmonic, intermediate and noisy subunits.