Gaia: The Planet Holobiont
Gaia: The Planet Holobiont
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盖亚：全息生物星球
DOI：
10.1007/s12041-016-0612-7
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Ulrich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ulrich
全生生物的严格定义是，它是一种宿主生物（植物或动物），与所有相关的微生物相互作用，作为进化中选择的实体。这一定义可以推广到不仅涉及宿主生物体内的微生物或内源性微生物，而且涉及任何相互之间也在外部强烈相互作用的常规生物。从它们的进化史可以得出结论，后一种联合体在群落一级可能完全起着共同进化实体的作用。对栖息地和生态系统的彻底检查表明，这种互利关系普遍存在。因此，我们可以把内生共生体的例子扩大到生态系统、生物群落和整个生物圈作为全生物，其中全生物是盖亚。詹姆斯·洛夫洛克将盖亚定义为生物圈，它是一个自我调节的实体，通过以有利的方式控制化学和物理环境，确保地球拥有容纳生命的能力。因此，问题是盖亚是否管理着一个维持地球上生命的全球平衡。这可能适用于生命本身，但不适用于任何特定的生命形式，如地质历史期间几次生物灭绝浪潮所示。这些事件之后通常会出现创新的新形式，如适应性辐射到被遗弃的生态位。人类会成为下一次灭绝浪潮的主题吗？这种可能性提出了人类维持生物圈意义上的盖亚的道德义务，他不仅依赖于生物圈，而且是生物圈的一部分。Holobiont研究必须旨在获得先进的理解，无论是在机械和整体方面，通过扩展holobiont概念跨越时空尺度的生态组织。这意味着要描绘人类在生物圈中的卑微地位，并探索人类在地球上持续生存的条件。
The strict definition of holobiont is that it is a host organism (plant or animal) in interaction with all associated microorganisms as an entity for selection in evolution. This definition can be generalized when not only microorganisms internal of or endogenous to a host organism are concerned but any regular organisms which strongly interact between each other also externally. Such latter associations may altogether function as co-evolutionary entities at the community level, as can be concluded from their evolutionary history. A thorough inspection of habitats and ecosystems shows that such kinds of mutualistic associations prevail. Therefore, we can scale up examples of endogenous symbioses to ecosystems, biomes and the entire biosphere as holobionts, where the planet holobiont is Gaia. James Lovelock defines Gaia as the biosphere being a self-regulating entity that ensures the planet’s capacity for harboring life by controlling the chemical and physical environment in conducive ways. Thus, the question is of whether Gaia manages a global equilibrium which sustains life on Earth. Possibly this holds for life as such but not for any specific forms of life as illustrated by several extinction waves of organisms during geological history. Such events were typically followed by the emergence of innovative new forms as arising from adaptive radiation into abandoned ecological niches. Will man be subject of the next extinction wave? Such a possibility raises ethical imperatives for man to sustain the biosphere sensu Gaia on which he not only depends, but also is part of. Holobiont research must aim at gaining advanced understanding, both in mechanistic and holistic terms, by extending the holobiont concept across the spatio-temporal scales of ecological organization. This implies to delineate the humble position of man in the biosphere and to explore conditions for man’s sustained survival on Earth.