Intensive Cultivation and Environment Use among the Matengo in Tanzania
Intensive Cultivation and Environment Use among the Matengo in Tanzania
复制标题
坦桑尼亚Matengo的集约化种植和环境利用
DOI：
10.14989/68204
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Masahiko Kato
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Masahiko Kato
这项研究的重点是一种名为 ngolo 的精耕细作系统的农业生态背景，该系统在坦桑尼亚南部的马滕戈人中已经实践了 100 多年。 ngolo 系统具有高度可持续性，因为它既可以保护水土，又可以使土壤成熟；此外，该系统的高生产率可以为马腾戈人提供稳定的食物供应。 Matengo 农业中的其他种植制度与 ngolo 密切相关，为农民提供经济支持。例如，咖啡种植为当地经济提供了现金支持，还使农民能够购买化肥。这些肥料被施用于高地的恩戈洛田地，那里的田地由于人口密度高而无法休耕。从高地到林地的移民实行称为“mitumbila”的正常山脊耕作系统，以及称为“matema/malala”的刀耕火种耕作系统。这些系统是为 ngolo 种植创造合适土壤条件过程的初始阶段，它们是咖啡树太年轻而无法收获的新村庄的主要收入来源。即使在人口稀少的村庄，移民也成功地维持了恩戈洛种植，尽管种植系统最初是在人口压力很大的条件下构思和维持的。该系统能够保护经历类似自然条件（例如丘陵景观和强降雨）的新村庄的土地。然而，社会限制和农业影响并不是Matengo人相继使用ngolo的唯一原因；他们相信基于过去经验的 ngolo 培养，因此这可能是他们文化的基础。
This study focuses on the agro-ecological background of an intensive cultivation system called ngolo, which has been practiced for over 100 years among the Matengo people in southern Tanzania. The ngolo system is highly sustainable, as it both conserves soil and water and matures the soil; moreover, the high productivity of this system allows for a steady food supply to the Matengo. The other cropping systems in Matengo agriculture, which are closely related to ngolo, economically support farmers. For example, coffee cultivation provides cash to support the local economy, and it also enables farmers to purchase chemical fertilizers. These fertilizers are applied to ngolo fields in the highlands, where fields cannot be left fallow because of high human population densities. Immigrants from the highlands to the woodlands practice a normal ridge system of cultivation called mitumbila, and a slash-and-burn cultivation called matema/malala. These systems are the initial stages in the process of creating suitable soil conditions for ngolo cultivation, and they are major sources of income in new villages where coffee trees are too young to be harvested. Emigrants have succeeded in maintaining ngolo cultivation, even in underpopulated villages, although the cultivation system was originally conceived and sustained under conditions of high population pressure. The system is able to conserve land in new villages that experience similar natural conditions, such as hilly landscapes and intense rainfall. However, social constraints and agricultural effects are not the only reasons why the Matengo have successively used ngolo; they have trusted in ngolo cultivation based on past experience, and it might therefore be a foundation of their culture.