Are acute and chronic saltwater fish studies required for plant protection and biocidal product active substance risk assessment?
Are acute and chronic saltwater fish studies required for plant protection and biocidal product active substance risk assessment?
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DOI：
10.1002/etc.2478
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发表时间：
2014-03-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Crane, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wheeler, James R.;Maynard, Samuel K.;Crane, Mark
通常使用鱼类急性和早期生命阶段 (ELS) 测试结果（通常针对淡水物种）来评估化学品对鱼类的急性和慢性毒性。然而，根据某些针对某些物质的法规，可能还需要有关咸水物种的数据。早期研究的证据表明，咸水鱼物种通常并不比淡水物种更敏感，而且当它们对某种物质更敏感时，敏感度差异通常小于 10 倍。然而，这些研究大多数集中于各种物质和各种分类群的急性致死毒性结果。在本研究中，作者比较了专门针对暴露于相同植物保护或杀菌产品活性物质的鱼类物种的标准化监管研究得出的淡水和咸水急性半数致死浓度 (LC50) 和慢性 ELS 无观察效应浓度 (NOEC) 结果，以确定淡水和咸水鱼测试的价值。结果表明，在大多数情况下，使用淡水鱼 96 小时 LC50 或长期 ELS NOEC 应足以保护咸水物种。在少数情况下 (12%)，盐水 ELS NOEC 的敏感性高出 10 倍以上，尽管在比较 96 小时 LC50 和长期 ELS NOEC 时，这少量物质的敏感性差异并不一致。如此低的概率是否值得使用额外的动物来进行咸水鱼测试，这是有争议的，特别是当释放到河口和沿海环境的陆上污染物与淡水中发现的浓度相比可能被稀释许多倍时。环境毒理学化学 2014；33：703-707。 (c) 2013 年 SETAC
The acute and chronic toxicity of chemicals to fish is routinely assessed using fish acute and early life stage (ELS) test results, usually with freshwater species. Under some regulations with certain substances, however, data on saltwater species may also be required. Evidence from earlier studies suggests that saltwater fish species are generally no more sensitive than freshwater species and that when they are more sensitive to a substance the difference in sensitivity is usually less than a factor of 10. However, most of these studies concentrated on acute lethal toxicity results for a wide range of substances and across a range of taxonomic groups. In the present study, the authors compare freshwater and saltwater acute median lethal concentration (LC50) and chronic ELS no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) results from standardized regulatory studies specifically for fish species exposed to the same plant protection or biocidal product active substances to determine the value of testing in both freshwater and saltwater fish. The results suggest that, in most cases, use of a freshwater fish 96-h LC50 or longer-term ELS NOEC should be sufficient to protect saltwater species. In a small number of cases (12%), saltwater ELS NOECs were more sensitive by a factor >10, although differences in sensitivity were not consistent for this small number of substances when 96-h LC50 and longer-term ELS NOECs were compared. It is debatable whether such a low probability merits the additional animal use required to run saltwater fish tests, especially when onshore contaminants released to estuaries and coastal environments are likely to be diluted many-fold when compared with concentrations found in freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:703-707. (c) 2013 SETAC