El Niño and marine heatwaves: Ecological impacts on Oregon rocky intertidal kelp communities at local to regional scales
El Niño and marine heatwaves: Ecological impacts on Oregon rocky intertidal kelp communities at local to regional scales
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厄尔尼诺现象和海洋热浪：对俄勒冈州岩石潮间带海带群落在局部到区域范围内的生态影响
DOI：
10.1002/ecm.1504
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Menge, Bruce A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Spiecker, Barbara J.;Menge, Bruce A.
厄尔尼诺和海洋热浪（MHWs）预计将在温室效应下增加频率。厄尔尼诺-南方涛动等气候振荡在短期内对沿海环境的影响可能与长期气候变化的影响相似;因此，厄尔尼诺现象可能是对日益变化的气候的长期生态响应的短期代理。理解和预测生态系统的响应需要阐明不同的组织尺度（有机体，空间和时间）的机制。我们分析了2015-2016年厄尔尼诺和2014-2016年东太平洋MHW重叠对俄勒冈州海岸300公里的七个地点的三种潮间带海带（Hedophyllum sessile，Egregia menziesii和Postelsia palmaeformis）的影响的时空变化，以及厄尔尼诺后的三年。从2016年到2018年，我们在每个地点的春季/夏季每月测量覆盖率，密度，最大长度，生长和碳：氮（C：N）比。 结果显示，空间，时间和生物因素之间的复杂的相互作用，修改这些热异常的影响，俄勒冈州潮间带海带种群。我们的研究结果与先前的文献基本一致，表明厄尔尼诺对海带的不利影响。然而，厄尔尼诺和可能的MHW的影响可以减轻或放大的环境过程和海带生活史的战略。在我们的研究中，沿海上升流提供了区域救济的海带个人就其生长的需要，并减轻了变暖的不利影响。另一方面，我们还发现，沿海上升流通过增加浮游植物引起的阴影和软体动物对幼藻和成年海带的放牧，从而降低了它们的密度，从而放大或加剧了厄尔尼诺的不利影响。考虑到与加州当前上升流系统中的变暖事件和气候变化及其生物学意义相关的更大的不确定性，我们的研究结果重申了更好地理解特定背景下的基础条件如何改变生态系统过程的重要性。更具体地说，了解海带的人口特征和生活史阶段如何随着时间和空间尺度上的生物相互作用和环境强迫而变化，对于预测未来气候变化的影响至关重要。
El Niños and marine heatwaves (MHWs) are predicted to increase in frequency under greenhouse warming. The impact of climate oscillations like El Niño‐Southern Oscillation on coastal environments in the short term likely mimics those of climate change in the long term; therefore, El Niños may serve as a short‐term proxy for possible long‐term ecological responses to an increasingly variable climate. Understanding and prediction of ecosystem responses requires elucidating the mechanisms underlying different organizational scales (organism, space, and time). We analyzed spatiotemporal variation in the effect of the 2015–2016 El Niño and the overlapping 2014–2016 East Pacific MHW on three intertidal kelps (Hedophyllum sessile,Egregia menziesii, andPostelsia palmaeformis) at seven sites across 300 km of the Oregon coast and over three years post El Niño. We measured percent cover, density, maximum length, growth, and carbon : nitrogen (C:N) ratios monthly in spring/summer at each site from 2016 through 2018. Results revealed a complex interplay between spatial, temporal, and biological factors that modified the effects of these thermal anomalies on Oregon intertidal kelp populations. Our findings generally agree with prior literature showing detrimental effects of El Niño on kelp. However, El Niño and possibly MHW effects can be mitigated or amplified by environmental processes and kelp life history strategies. In our study, coastal upwelling provided regional relief for the kelp individuals with respect to their growth needs and mitigated the adverse effects of warming. On the other hand, we also found that coastal upwelling amplified, or compounded, detrimental effects of El Niño by increasing phytoplankton‐induced shading and mollusk grazing on juvenile and adult kelps, thereby reducing their density. Given the greater uncertainty associated with warming events and climate change in the California Current Upwelling System and its biological implications, our findings reiterate the importance of acquiring better understanding of how context‐specific underlying conditions modify ecosystem processes. More specifically, understanding how demographic traits and life history stages of kelp change with biological interactions and environmental forcing over temporal and spatial scales is crucial to anticipating future climate change ramifications.