Law for the poor: The relationship between advice agencies and solicitors in the development of poverty law
Law for the poor: The relationship between advice agencies and solicitors in the development of poverty law
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穷人法：贫困法制定中咨询机构和律师之间的关系
DOI：
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Goriely
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Goriely
政府告诉我们，法律的援助太贵了。随着1994/5年度英格兰和威尔士的预算攀升至13亿英镑以上，律师们被指责刺激了不必要的需求。认为法律的援助仅仅是法律的专业“创造需求”的论点一度仅限于激进的学术界（Bankowski和Mungham，1976年; Abel，1982年）。然而，它现在在政府内部被广泛接受。当一个右翼智库，社会市场基金会，声称增加法律的援助预算反映了“商人诱导的需求”（贝文等人，1994年），大法官回答说，他认为这样的分析“令人信服”（麦凯，1995年，第12页）。英格兰和威尔士民事法律的援助计划的现行结构反映了其历史渊源，而这一渊源又是由该专业、其批评者和政府之间80年的辩论所形成的。这个行业在这类争论中扮演了重要的，甚至是主导的角色，并且自然地试图塑造自己的利益。但如果认为该行业一直我行我素，或者认为其唯一的动机是创造需求，那就过于简单化了。促进对法律的援助需求的主要责任在于咨询运动，这是一个在法律的援助历史上经常被忽视的部门。本文利用大量以前未探索的档案材料来重述自第一次世界大战以来民事法律的发展的故事。它集中于“贫困法”，其中法律的援助不仅为律师提供了不同的报酬制度，而且改变了律师应该做什么的定义。它考虑了律师应该在多大程度上帮助穷人解决与房东、雇主、债权人和国家官僚的纠纷。它认为，有组织的行业从来没有主动在穷人中开发新市场。相反，其他人-社会工作者，志愿团体和压力团体-带头指出问题并提供解决方案。作为帕特森和
Legal aid, governments tell us, is too expensive. As the 1994/5 the budget for England and Wales climbed to over £1.3 billion, lawyers were blamed for stimulating unnecessary demand. The argument that legal aid is a mere 'demand creation' exercise by the legal profession was once confined to radical academics (Bankowski and Mungham, 1976; Abel, 1982). It is now, however, widely accepted within government. When a right-wing think tank, the Social Market Foundation, claimed that increases in the legal aid budget reflected 'supplier-induced demand' (Bevan et al., 1994), the Lord Chancellor replied that he found such an analysis 'compelling' (Mackay, 1995, p. 12). The present structure of the civil legal aid scheme in England and Wales reflects its historical origins, which have, in turn, been shaped by eighty years of debate between the profession, its critics and government. The profession has played a major, and often dominant, role in such debates—and has, naturally, attempted to shape the scheme its own interests. But it is overly simplistic to imagine that the profession has had it all its own way, or that its sole motivation has been to create demand. Much of the responsibility for stimulating demand for legal aid lies with the advice movement, a sector which is all too often overlooked in the history of legal assistance. This article draws on a mass of previously unexplored archive material to retell the story of how civil legal has developed since the First World War. It concentrates on 'poverty law', where legal aid has not only provided a different payment regime for lawyers but has changed the definitions of what lawyers should be doing. It considers the contests over how far lawyers should help the poor in their disputes with landlords, employers, creditors, and state bureaucrats. It argues that the organised profession has never taken the initiative in developing new markets among the poor. Instead, others—social workers, voluntary groups and pressure groups— have lead the way in pointing out problems and offering solutions. As Paterson and