Game of Shadows by Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams (2006), Gotham Books.
Game of Shadows by Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams (2006), Gotham Books.
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马克·费纳鲁-和田 (Mark Fainaru-Wada) 和兰斯·威廉姆斯 (Lance Williams) 的《影子游戏》(2006)，哥谭图书公司。
DOI：
10.1096/fj.06-1203ufm
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Luis Concepcion
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Zelman;Luis Concepcion
关于类固醇在运动中令人不安的事实是，他们的工作。合成代谢类固醇和运动员使用的各种兴奋剂包括促红细胞生成素、人类生长激素、胰岛素和兴奋剂增加耐力、肌肉质量和力量。它们可以让运动员兴奋起来，专注于比赛;经过一天坚韧的训练，它们让你感觉焕然一新;在严重受伤后，它们可以让你在几周内而不是几个月内进行重击或冲刺。但它们广泛的副作用包括增加肾脏和肝脏损伤、肌腱撕裂、阳痿、不育、攻击性、抑郁和心脏风险升高的风险。这些风险不会阻止估计75%或更多的专业健美运动员，高达7%的青少年，以及使用类固醇的专业运动员的未知百分比。在赢者通吃的职业体育世界里，那些被抓到“榨汁”的人坚持认为每个人都这么做。他们坚持认为，如今的职业体育实际上是为了娱乐球迷，类固醇让体育更有趣。他们暗示，一旦你站在顶端，每个人都知道你不是骗子就是失败者。《旧金山纪事报》（San弗朗西斯科Chronicle）的记者马克·费纳鲁-和田（Mark Fainaru-Wada）和兰斯·威廉姆斯（Lance Williams）在《影子游戏》（Game of Shadows）中提供了一个关于精英运动中类固醇现象的引人入胜的大众媒体入门（Gotham Books，2006）。他们对巨人队的本垒打之王巴里邦兹保留了最大的反感，他们声称邦兹在1998年开始榨汁，出于根深蒂固的自恋和对萨米·索萨和马克·麦圭尔的公开嫉妒，因为他们挑战了单赛季本垒打纪录。邦兹的故事引出了一个更加引人注目的反英雄人物--维克托·孔蒂。据称，孔蒂在旧金山弗朗西斯科的公司海湾地区实验室合作公司（BALCO）向数十名精英运动员提供兴奋剂策略和违禁品--合法的、非法的和无法检测的--包括奥运会短跑运动员马里恩·琼斯和蒂姆·蒙哥马利，以及棒球明星巴里邦兹、杰森·技安比和加里谢菲尔德。孔蒂和BALCO代表了一种可怕的后现代科学，这种科学之所以获得合法性，是因为它在受众看来是合法的。孔蒂接受了大专教育，为他的会计职业做好了准备。他钻研了生物化学和营养学，穿上了一件白色外套，和健美运动员聊起了医生和科学家对运动员健康需求的无知。他购买了一个房间大小的“电感耦合等离子光谱仪”，以检测运动员的头发，尿液和血液中微量矿物质的缺乏。为了弥补这些所谓的缺陷，他提供了一种带有首字母缩写的科学产品，ZMA（代表天冬氨酸锌镁或天冬氨酸单甲硫氨酸锌）。他吹嘘他与流氓化学家的关系，这些化学家提供神秘的新类固醇或停产的类固醇。根据联邦调查局查获的记录，他的补充剂是根据高度复杂的每日和每月兴奋剂计划给予运动员的，包括三周的类固醇和一周的类固醇被女性生育药物克罗米酚取代，以刺激FSH并保护身体产生内源性睾丸激素的能力。运动员们一定觉得他系统的兴奋剂计划既科学又熟悉，就像他们习惯的训练方案一样。而且，结果激发了他们的信心。《影子游戏》沿着沿着两条潮流发展：一条是关于BALCO丑闻的写得很好、研究得很透彻的历史，另一条是关于巴里邦德性格缺陷的评论。后者分散了前者。邦兹使用类固醇的证据总结在两个approaches和.
The uncomfortable fact about steroids in sports is that they work. Anabolic steroids and the hodgepodge of doping tricks used by athletes—including erythropoietin, human growth hormone, insulin, and stimulants—increase endurance, muscle mass, and strength. They can get an athlete jazzed up and focused on a race; after a tough day of training, they make you feel like new; after a major injury they can have you slugging or sprinting in weeks instead of months. But their extensive side effects include increased risk of kidney and liver damage, tendon tears, impotence, sterility, aggression, depression, and elevated cardiac risk. These risks do not deter the estimated 75% or more of professional bodybuilders, up to 7% of adolescents, and an unknown percentage of professional athletes who use steroids. In the winner-take-all world of professional sports, those who get caught “juicing” insist that everyone does it. They maintain that professional sports these days are really about entertaining the fans and that steroids make sports more entertaining. Once you’re at the top, they imply, everyone knows that you are either a cheater or a loser. Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams, reporters for the San Francisco Chronicle, provide an engaging popular press primer on the phenomenon of steroids in elite sports in Game of Shadows (Gotham Books, 2006). They reserve their greatest revulsion for the Giant’s home run king Barry Bonds, whom they claim began juicing in 1998 out of deep rooted narcissism and jealousy towards the publicity of Sammy Sosa and Mark McGuire as they challenged the single season home run record. The story of Bonds leads to an even more remarkable antihero, Victor Conte, whose San Francisco area company Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO) allegedly supplied doping strategies and supplements—legal, illegal, and undetectable—to dozens of elite athletes including Olympic sprinters Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery and baseball stars Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, and Gary Sheffield. Conte and BALCO represent a scary postmodern science, one that earns its legitimacy because it looks legitimate to its audience. With a junior college education that prepared him for a career in accounting, Conte boned up on biochemistry and nutrition, threw on a white coat and chatted up bodybuilders about the ignorance of physicians and scientists to the health needs of athletes. He purchased a room-sized “inductively coupled plasma spectrometer” to detect trace mineral deficiencies in athletes’ hair, urine, and blood. To compensate for these so-called deficiencies, he provided a scientific product-with-an-acronym, ZMA (which stands for either Zinc Magnesium Aspartate or Zinc Monomethionine Aspartate). He bragged about his connections with rogue chemists who supplied mysterious new or discontinued steroids. Based on records seized by the FBI, his supplements were administered to athletes according to highly sophisticated daily and monthly doping schedules, including three weeks on steroids and one week off when steroids were replaced by the women’s fertility drug clomiphene, to stimulate FSH and safeguard the body’s ability to produce endogenous testosterone. Athletes must have felt that his systematic doping schedules were both scientific and familiar, like the training regimens they are accustomed to. And, the results inspired their confidence.A Game of Shadows runs along two currents: a well written and thoroughly researched history of the BALCO scandal, and an exposé on Barry Bond’s character flaws. The latter distracts from the former. Evidence of Bonds’ steroid use is summarized in two appendices—and …