A Standard Parts List for Biological Circuitry

A Standard Parts List for Biological Circuitry
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生物电路的标准零件清单

DOI:
--
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发表时间:
1999
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
D. Endy
D. Endy
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
A. Arkin;D. Endy

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在自然界中发现的生化电路的标志之一是模拟的、不对称的、异步的设计。也就是说,所有的启动子都有不同的强度和动力学,转录因子在不同的位点上被设计成不同的作用,每个酶反应都有自己独特的机制和速率。此外,所有异构电路元件都是并发地、异步地执行它们的功能。生物电路似乎是为了处理与整个网络的每个组成过程相关的波动延迟、不同的时间尺度和能量需求而设计的。这些因素也使得从现有部件设计新型生化电路变得困难。如果没有标准化,其他工程领域使用的定性设计方法根本就不适用。事实上,生物电路的设计方法是自然选择。人类对生物系统的合理设计仍然局限于相当小的或偶然的努力,并且经常依赖于“选择”满足某些标准的生化部分的能力。然而,在实践中,生物设计师是罕见的,解决方案通常通过昂贵的逐步试验和错误方法或通过突变和选择来实现。此外,这些实际可行的方法所能解决的问题有限。我们认为设计的生物电路的实施受到实践问题的限制。
One of the hallmarks of biochemical circuits found in nature is analog, asymmetric, asynchronous design. That is, there is little standardization of parts, e.g. all the promoters have different strengths and kinetics, transcription factors are designed to have different effects at different loci, and each enzymatic reaction has its own idiosyncratic mechanism and rates. In addition, all of the heterogeneous circuit elements are executing their functions concurrently and asynchronously. Biological circuits are seemingly designed to deal with the fluctuating delays, different time-scales and energy requirements associated with each component process of the overall network. These factors also make design of novel biochemical circuitry from existent parts difficult to achieve. Without standardization, the qualitative design methods used in other engineering fields are simply inapplicable. The de facto design methodology for biological circuitry is natural selection. Rational design of biological systems by humans has remained restricted to rather small or hit-or-miss efforts and has often relied on the ability to "select" for biochemical parts that fulfill some criteria. In practice however biological-designers are rare, and solutions are usually realized through an expensive stepwise trial and error approach or through mutation and selection. Furthermore, these otherwise practical approaches are limited in terms of the problems they can solve. We believe that implementation of designed biological circuitry is limited by issues of practice.
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