Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an ENSO impact and a warning of future change?
Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an ENSO impact and a warning of future change?
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发表时间：
1999-04
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通讯作者：
C. Wilkinson;O. Lindén;H. Cesar;G. Hodgson;J. Rubens;A. Strong
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作者：
C. Wilkinson;O. Lindén;H. Cesar;G. Hodgson;J. Rubens;A. Strong
1998年是大约150年前开始有温度记录以来最热的一年。同样，20 世纪 90 年代是有记录以来最热的十年。此外，1998 年还出现了有记录以来最强的厄尔尼诺现象。因此，在海洋的许多地方，尤其是热带印度洋，观察到水温非常高，水温通常比正常水平高出 30 至 50 摄氏度。该地区的许多珊瑚白化并随后死亡，可能是由于水温高以及气象和气候因素造成的。斯里兰卡、马尔代夫、印度、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和塞舌尔的珊瑚礁发生了大规模死亡，许多浅海区域的死亡率高达 90%。印度洋其他地区的珊瑚礁，或20 m以下的水域，珊瑚死亡率通常为50%。因此，1998年珊瑚死亡的严重程度是前所未有的。珊瑚白化对印度洋沿海社区的次要社会经济影响可能是长期持续和严重的。除了鱼类种群可能减少和对旅游业产生负面影响外，侵蚀还可能成为一个严重问题，特别是在马尔代夫和塞舌尔。如果观察到的全球气温上升趋势持续下去，1998年在印度洋珊瑚礁以及未来几年在热带海洋其他地区观察到的现象再次出现的可能性将会增加。印度洋的珊瑚礁可能被证明是全球气候变化潜在影响的重要信号，我们应该注意这一警告。
The year 1998, was the warmest year since the start of temperature recordings some 150 years ago. Similarly, the 1990s have been the warmest decade recorded. In addition, 1998 saw the strongest El Nino ever recorded. As a consequence of this, very high water temperatures were observed in many parts of the oceans, particularly in the tropical Indian Ocean, often with temperatures of 30 to 50C above normal. Many corals in this region bleached and subsequently died, probably due to the high water temperatures in combination with meteorological and climatic factors. Massive mortality occurred on the reefs of Sri Lanka, Maldives, India, Kenya, Tanzania, and Seychelles with mortalities of up to 90% in many shallow areas. Reefs in other parts of the Indian Ocean, or in waters below 20 m, coral mortality was typically 50%. Hence, coral death during 1998 was unprecedented in severity. The secondary socioeconomic effects of coral bleaching for coastal communities of the Indian Ocean are likely to be long lasting and severe. In addition to potential decreases in fish stocks and negative effects on tourism, erosion may become an acute problem, particularly in the Maldives and Seychelles. If the observed global trends in temperature rises continue, there will be an increased probability of a recurrence of the phenomenon observed in 1998 on the coral reefs of the Indian Ocean, as well as in other parts of the tropical oceans in coming years. Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean may prove to be an important signal of the potential effects of global climate change, and we should heed that warning.