Irregular migration to the EU and human smuggling in the Mediterranean : the nexus between organized crime and irregular migration
Irregular migration to the EU and human smuggling in the Mediterranean : the nexus between organized crime and irregular migration
复制标题
欧盟的非正常移民和地中海的人口走私：有组织犯罪与非正常移民之间的联系
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Luigi Achilli
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文献类型：
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作者：
Luigi Achilli
随着2015年进入尾声，全年偷渡到希腊和意大利的移民数量超过了100万大关。这使地中海成为进入欧洲最致命的路线。死亡人数急剧增加的同时，偷渡移民的人数也在增加。自1988年以来，大约有2万名这样的移民在地中海丧生，最大的死亡高峰发生在过去三年：仅在2015年前四个月，就有大约1800人在试图抵达欧洲的过程中丧生。在这个数字上，我们必须加上估计非常高的死亡人数，但他们的身体一直没有找到。在过去的几年里，这场悲剧在欧洲造成了真正的紧急状态，公众舆论对躺在海岸上的身体和试图强行穿过欧洲安全栅栏的可悲照片感到困惑和恐惧。移民挤在破旧的船上的戏剧性照片在媒体上流传。这些图片伴随着新闻报道，讲述了穷人和绝望的人被有组织犯罪卡特尔欺骗的故事。所有这些都说服了政治领导人和当局将秘密移民视为一场战争，在这场战争中，走私者代表着邪恶。但走私者是谁呢？它们是如何运作的？是什么说服移民将自己的生命交到走私者手中？在当代关于移民的主流叙事中，这些问题的答案很简单：走私网络是由顽固而贪婪的罪犯组成的类似黑手党的卡特尔，致力于系统性地欺骗和欺骗移民。这些非正常移民的促进者已经赢得了全世界的恶名，因为他们是人类大屠杀的策划者，犯罪贸易背后的邪恶天才，或者以牺牲受害者为代价赚取的无数财富的散布者。将人口走私者描述为贪婪、冷酷和不道德的言辞，伴随着对移民幼稚和无知的片面理解。这些叙述的效力反过来有效地点燃了公众对人口走私的道德愤慨，并为逐步将非正常移徙定为刑事犯罪辩护。关于走私网络的主流叙述虽然成功地激发了舆论和政策制定者的兴趣，但始终未能解决这一现象的内在动因，也未能充分了解走私者和移民之间的关系。当然，走私者往往是那些逃离危险和危难境地的人的唯一选择。然而，移民和寻求庇护者迫切需要找到避难所，他们很难获得合法的流动渠道，这不足以解释他们与走私者之间的纽带的韧性和力量。这正是我们迫切需要对走私和所涉行为者有更细致的了解的原因。在加强欧盟成员国对其边界的控制和确保移民安全的更广泛目标中，这一目标具有更大的意义。考虑到这一任务，本文将首先通过考察地中海人口走私的演变来考虑这一现象的复杂性。然后将重点介绍在该地区活动的走私网络的结构和作案手法。在这样做的过程中，本文将通过论证mi4.2的控制得出结论
As 2015 came to an end, the number of migrants smuggled to Greece and Italy throughout the year exceeded the million mark. This has turned the Mediterranean into the deadliest route into Europe. A radical increase in the number of deaths has accompanied the rising number of clandestine migrants. Since 1988, around 20,000 of these migrants have lost their lives in the Mediterranean, the biggest spikes being in the last three years: in the first four months of 2015 alone, about 1,800 people died in their attempt to reach Europe. To this figure, we must add the, presumably very high, number of those who died but whose bodies have never turned up. This tragedy has generated a real state of emergency in Europe during the last few years, with public opinion confused and horrified by pathetic photos of corpses lying on the shores and outsiders trying to force their way through Europe’s security fences. Dramatic photos of migrants crammed into wretched boats circulate in the media. These images accompany journalistic accounts that tell stories of poor and desperate individuals deceived by organized crime cartels. All this has persuaded political leaders and authorities to view clandestine migration as a war, in which the evil is represented by the smugglers. But who are the smugglers? And how do they operate? What convinces migrants to put their lives in the smugglers’ hands? In contemporary mainstream narratives on migration, the answer to these questions is straightforward: smuggling networks are mafia-like cartels of hardened and greedy criminals dedicated to the systematic deceiving and conning of migrants. These facilitators of irregular migration have earned worldwide notoriety as orchestrators of human massacres, evil geniuses behind criminal trade, or amassers of untold riches made at the expense of their victims. The rhetoric that characterizes human smugglers as greedy, callous and immoral has accompanied one-dimensional understandings of migrants as infantile and ignorant. The potency of these narratives has in turn been effective at igniting the public’s moral outrage against human smuggling and justifying the progressive criminalization of irregular migration. While successful at activating public opinion and policy makers, mainstream narratives of smuggling networks have consistently failed to address the inner dynamics of the phenomenon and provide an adequate understanding of the relationship between smugglers and migrants. Of course, smugglers often constitute the only available option for those individuals who flee a situation of immediate danger and distress. However, migrants and asylum seekers’ desperate need to find refuge and their difficulties in accessing legal channels of mobility are not enough to explain the resilience and strength of the bonds between them and the smugglers. This is precisely why we urgently need a more nuanced understanding of smuggling and the actors involved. This aim acquires greater significance within the broader goal of reinforcing EU Member States’ control over their borders and ensuring migrants’ safety. With this task in mind, this paper will first consider the complexity of the phenomenon by looking at the evolution of human smuggling in the Mediterranean Sea. It will then focus on the structure and modus operandi of the smuggling networks operating in the area. In so doing, this paper will conclude by demonstrating that the control of mi4.2