Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea
Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea
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DOI：
10.1007/s004420050092
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发表时间：
1997-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Blanckenhorn, WU
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Blanckenhorn, WU
高海拔地区（高海拔地区）1500米）和低-（约。500米）海拔种群的两个最常见的欧洲种粪蝇，粪蝇和脓毒症cynipsea，差异相当显着，由于气候的差异。为了区分遗传适应，由于自然选择和表型可塑性，我比较了标准的生活史特征对高海拔和低海拔人口从三个分离的网站在瑞士的实验室实验。F1饲养环境不影响进行所有实验的F2代的任何变量;因此，没有遗留或母体效应。在Sc. stercoraria，高海拔的个人较小，但奠定了较大的鸡蛋;后者可能是有利的，在更极端的（即更多的变量和更不可预测的）高海拔气候。较高的饲养温度强烈下降的发展时间，身体大小和大小之间的差异，男性和女性（男性较大），产生女性偏见的性别比例，并导致次优的成人出现率。这些变量中的几个也在三个地点之间变化，产生了一些使模式复杂化的相互作用。In Se.高海拔地区的雌性个体稍小，寿命较短，产窝数较少。较高的饲养温度强烈降低发育时间和身体大小，但往往会增加男性和女性之间的大小差异（男性较小），它也增加了离合器的大小，但减少生理寿命。同样，解释是复杂的变化之间的网站和一些重要的相互作用。总的来说，对高海拔条件的遗传适应似乎很弱，可能是由于大量的基因流动，并可能被种群中其他地理变量的影响所淹没。相反，表型可塑性是广泛的。这可能是由于选择灵活的，多用途的基因型。结果表明，高海拔和低海拔地区之间的季节长度的差异本身并不能很好地解释物候和身体大小的变化模式。
Field phenologies of high- (ca. 1500 m) and low- (ca. 500 m) altitude populations of the two most common European species of dung flies, Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea, differ quite markedly due to differences in climate. To differentiate genetic adaptation due to natural selection and phenotypic plasticity, I compared standard life history characters of pairs of high- and low-altitude populations from three disjunctive sites in Switzerland in a laboratory experiment. The F1 rearing environment did not affect any of the variables of the F2 generation with which all experiments were conducted; hence, there were no carry-over or maternal effects. In Sc. stercoraria, high-altitude individuals were smaller but laid larger eggs; the latter may be advantageous in the more extreme (i.e. more variable and less predictable) high-altitude climate. Higher rearing temperature strongly decreased development time, body size and the size difference between males and females (males are larger), produced female-biased sex ratios and led to suboptimal adult emergence rates. Several of these variables also varied among the three sites, producing some interactions complicating the patterns. In Se. cynip sen, high-altitude females were marginally smaller, less long-lived and laid fewer clutches. Higher rearing temperature strongly decreased development time and body size but tended to increase the size difference between males and females (males are smaller); it also increased clutch size but decreased physiological longevity. Again, interpretation is complicated by variation across sites and some significant interactions. Overall, genetic adaptation to high-altitude conditions appears weak, probably prevented by substantial gene flow, and may be swamped by the effects of other geographic variables among populations. In contrast, phenotypic plasticity is extensive. This may be due to selection of flexible, multi-purpose genotypes. The results suggest that differences in season length between high- and low-altitude locations alone do not explain well the patterns of variation in phenology and body size.