Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines
Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines
复制标题
DOI：
10.1126/science.1261375
复制
发表时间：
2015-01-16
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Freeland, Edward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leslie, Sarah-Jane;Cimpian, Andrei;Freeland, Edward
STEM学科的性别失衡主导了目前关于学术界女性代表性不足的辩论。然而，女性在博士学位中的代表性很好。在某些科学中的水平和在某些人文学科中的代表性很差（例如，2011年，54%的美国博士在分子生物学领域，女性占50%，而在哲学领域，女性仅占31%。我们假设，在整个学术领域，女性在实践者认为原始的、天生的天赋是成功的主要要求的领域中代表性不足，因为女性被定型为不具备这种天赋。这一假设也延伸到非裔美国人的代表性不足，因为这一群体受到类似的刻板印象。从全国范围内的学者调查结果支持我们的假设（称为特定领域的能力信念假设）在三个竞争的假设。
The gender imbalance in STEM subjects dominates current debates about women's underrepresentation in academia. However, women are well represented at the Ph.D. level in some sciences and poorly represented in some humanities (e.g., in 2011, 54% of U.S. Ph.D.'s in molecular biology were women versus only 31% in philosophy). We hypothesize that, across the academic spectrum, women are underrepresented in fields whose practitioners believe that raw, innate talent is the main requirement for success, because women are stereotyped as not possessing such talent. This hypothesis extends to African Americans' underrepresentation as well, as this group is subject to similar stereotypes. Results from a nationwide survey of academics support our hypothesis (termed the field-specific ability beliefs hypothesis) over three competing hypotheses.