Microbial degradation of chlorinated phenols
Microbial degradation of chlorinated phenols
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DOI：
10.1007/s11157-007-9124-5
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发表时间：
2008-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Field, Jim A.;Sierra-Alvarez, Reyes
氯酚通过在纸浆和造纸工业中用作杀菌剂和氯漂白的副产品而被引入环境中。氯酚可进行无氧和需氧代谢。在厌氧条件下，当有合适的给电子底物时，氯化酚可以进行还原脱氯。已知嗜盐呼吸细菌可以使用氯酚的低氯化和高氯化同系物作为电子受体来支持生长。许多呼吸嗜盐细菌菌株具有消除邻氯的能力。然而，除了邻氯之外，只有来自哈夫尼脱硫杆菌（以前称为 frappieri）的细菌才能消除对氯和异氯。一旦脱氯，酚类碳骨架就会被环境中的其他厌氧微生物完全转化为甲烷和二氧化碳。在有氧条件下，低氯酚和高氯酚都可以作为支持生长的唯一电子和碳源。研究最充分的利用五氯苯酚的菌株属于分枝杆菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属。需氧细菌使用两种主要策略来降解氯酚。大多数低氯代酚最初受到单加氧酶的攻击，产生氯儿茶酚作为第一个中间体。另一方面，多氯酚被转化为氯氢醌作为初始中间体。另外还已知真菌和一些细菌可以共同代谢氯化酚。
Chlorophenols have been introduced into the environment through their use as biocides and as by-products of chlorine bleaching in the pulp and paper industry. Chlorophenols are subject to both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Under anaerobic conditions, chlorinated phenols can undergo reductive dechlorination when suitable electron-donating substrates are available. Halorespiring bacteria are known which can use both low and highly chlorinated congeners of chlorophenol as electron acceptors to support growth. Many strains of halorespiring bacteria have the capacity to eliminate ortho-chlorines; however only bacteria from the species Desulfitobacterium hafniense (formerly frappieri) can eliminate para- and meta-chlorines in addition to ortho-chlorines. Once dechlorinated, the phenolic carbon skeletons are completely converted to methane and carbon dioxide by other anaerobic microorganisms in the environment. Under aerobic conditions, both lower and higher chlorinated phenols can serve as sole electron and carbon sources supporting growth. The best studied strains utilizing pentachlorophenol belong to the genera Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas. Two main strategies are used by aerobic bacteria for the degradation of chlorophenols. Lower chlorinated phenols for the most part are initially attacked by monooxygenases yielding chlorocatechols as the first intermediates. On the other hand, polychlorinated phenols are converted to chlorohydroquinones as the initial intermediates. Fungi and some bacteria are additionally known that cometabolize chlorinated phenols.