Design of Song Playback Experiments
Design of Song Playback Experiments
复制标题
歌曲播放实验设计
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1986
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Kroodsma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Kroodsma
最近由 Alan Kamil 在 1985 年 A.O.U. 主持的实验设计研讨会在亚利桑那州坦佩举行的会议得出的结论是，不仅需要更多的实验室和现场实验，而且实验设计是这项工作的一个极其重要的特点。这些关于良好实验设计特征的讨论重新点燃了我对研究鸟鸣的发展和功能时经常使用的设计的担忧。为了说明我的担忧，我在这里根据最近几篇出版物的设计提出了一个播放实验的复合设计。然后我讨论我认为设计中的弱点，并为这些问题提供可能的解决方案。我打算在假设的实验设计中测试的生物学问题来自我对蓝翅莺（Vermivora pinus）的研究。在这些莺中，每只雄性莺都有两种鸣叫类型。声谱图分析表明，I 类歌曲“bee-bzzzz”在整个物种的地理范围内是高度刻板的，但 II 类歌曲在微观地理范围内有所不同（Kroodsma 1981）。因此，我的回放实验旨在测试雄性蓝翅莺是否也能区分 II 型歌曲的本地和外国示例（即识别“方言”），而不是 I 型歌曲。我设计的实验如下。我从马萨诸塞州阿默斯特的 10 只色带鸟类的研究种群中获得了每种歌曲类型的录音。我还在纽约米尔布鲁克的洛克菲勒大学实地研究中心录制了 I 型和 II 型歌曲的高质量录音。然后，我制作两盘回放磁带，一盘包含 I 类歌曲，另一盘包含 II 类歌曲，用于双扬声器回放实验。每个双轨磁带的设计使得来自 Amherst 和 Millbrook 的相同类型的歌曲可以从相距 20 m 的两个扬声器交替播放。在回放过程中，我向助手询问做出反应的领地雄性的估计位置。播放 5 分钟后，切换扬声器电缆，然后重复播放。在每次 5 分钟回放期间，响应男性的中位位置用于双尾、配对、符号排序测试 [参见 Lanyon (1978)，了解这种双说话者回放设计的基本原理]。 5 月初，我开始在阿默斯特带状人群中使用 II 型磁带进行回放，并持续三周，直到数据显示出统计学上的显着差异（n = 20，P = 0.05）。接下来我用 I 型播放磁带测试鸟类
A recent Workshop on Experimental Design led by Alan Kamil at the 1985 A.O.U. meeting in Tempe, Arizona, concluded not only that more laboratory and field experiments are necessary, but that experimental design is an extremely important feature of this work. These discussions on the characteristics of good designs for experiments rekindled my concerns for designs that are often used in studying the development and function of bird song. To illustrate my concerns, I here present a composite design for a playback experiment based on designs from several recent publications. I then discuss what I believe to be weaknesses in the design, and I offer possible solutions to those problems. The biological question I propose to test in my hypothetical experimental design is drawn from my work with the Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus). In these warblers, each male has two song types. Analysis of spectrograms indicated that the Type I song, the "bee-bzzzz," is highly stereotyped throughout the geographic range of the species, but that the Type II song varies microgeographically (Kroodsma 1981). My playback experiment therefore is designed to test whether Blue-winged Warbler males also discriminate between local and foreign examples (i.e. recognize "dialects") of the Type II but not the Type I songs. I designed the experiment as follows. From a study population of 10 color-banded birds in Amherst, Massachusetts, I obtain one recording of each song type. I also make a high-quality recording of a Type I and a Type II song at the Rockefeller University Field Research Center in Millbrook, New York. I then make two playback tapes, one with Type I songs and one with Type II songs, for two-speaker playback experiments. Each two-track tape is designed so that songs of the same type from Amherst and Millbrook are played alternately from two speakers placed 20 m apart. During the playback, I call to an assistant the estimated location of the responding territorial male. After a 5-min playback, speaker cables are switched, and the playback is repeated. The median position of the responding males during each of the 5-min playbacks is used in a two-tailed, matched-pairs, signed-ranks test [see Lanyon (1978) for the rationale of this two-speaker playback design]. In early May, I begin playbacks with the Type II tape within the banded Amherst population, and I continue for three weeks until the data reveal a statistically significant difference (n = 20, P = 0.05). I next test the birds with the Type I playback tape and