Going Nuts to Protect Kidneys and to Live Longer with Kidney Disease.
Going Nuts to Protect Kidneys and to Live Longer with Kidney Disease.
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疯狂保护肾脏并在肾病患者中延长寿命。
DOI：
10.1159/000524383
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Kalantar-Zadeh,Kamyar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Narasaki,Yoko;Rhee,ConnieM;Kalantar-Zadeh,Kamyar
坚果作为富含矿物质、维生素、不饱和脂肪酸和纤维的营养丰富的食物，在多种饮食建议和指南中都得到了突出的强调。根据美国农业部经济研究“服务食品可用性（人均）数据系统”（FADS），美国每年的坚果消费量从1970年的每人1.38磅增长到2016年的每人3.69磅。在普通人群中，流行病学研究表明，多吃坚果与更好的健康状况有关，包括降低癌症、肥胖、全因和心血管疾病（CVD）相关死亡率的风险[1,2]。坚果的健康益处已经被很好地描述，并且考虑到它们的营养成分，表现出生物学上的合理性。首先，坚果富含钾，钾是关键细胞功能所需的关键电解质，包括肌肉收缩和心脏传导。富含坚果中钾的处方饮食，如“停止高血压的饮食方法”（DASH）饮食，已被证明可以降低心血管疾病的风险。其次，坚果是微量营养素（抗氧化剂）和膳食纤维的重要来源，后者是加工/吸收营养素所必需的，并已被证明具有有益的益处，包括改善血压、血糖控制、血脂异常、胃肠蠕动/便秘，以及肠道微生物群组成。第三，在健康食品交换清单中，将品质相似、营养价值相同的食物组合在一起，坚果通常被列为膳食脂肪来源，因为它们含有高的单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸，饱和脂肪含量较低，其特点是含有更多的植物-3脂肪酸，包括α -亚麻酸。与豆类作为植物性饮食计划中的另一种主要食物相比，坚果往往含有更多的植物油，更少的碳水化合物，每份植物性蛋白质的含量大致相同。坚果和豆类都富含抗氧化维生素和必需矿物质，并具有有利的植物性蛋白质，以优化健康。与豆类相比，坚果的其他优势包括它们作为健康“零食”的便利性，因为坚果通常不需要烹饪，在室温下保存时间更长，重量轻/紧凑，便于携带（表1）。
Nuts have been prominently highlighted across multiple dietary recommendations and guidelines as nutrient-dense foods that are rich in minerals, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and fiber. According to the US Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research “Service Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System”(FADS), the annual consumption of nuts in the USA has grown from 1.38 pounds per person in 1970 to 3.69 pounds per person in 2016. In the general population, epidemiologic studies have shown that higher nut consumption is associated with better health outcomes, including lower risk of cancer, obesity, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality [1, 2].The health benefits of nuts have been well described and exhibit biologic plausibility given their nutrient composition. First, nuts are rich in dietary potassium, which is the key electrolyte needed for critical cell functions including muscle contraction and cardiac conduction. Prescribed-diets that are rich in potassium from nuts, such as the “Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension”(DASH) diet, have been shown to attenuate CVD risk [3]. Seconds, nuts are a key source of micronutrients (antioxidants) and dietary fiber, the latter of which is needed to process/absorb nutrients and has demonstrated salutary benefits, including improved blood pressure, glycemic control, dyslipidemia, gastrointestinal motility/constipation, and gut microbiota composition [4]. Third, in heathy Food Exchange lists, which group together foods with similar qualities providing the same nutritional value when exchanged for one another, nuts are oftentimes included as a dietary fat source given their high mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acid and lower saturated fat content, characterized by more plant omega-3 including alpha-linolenic acid. Compared with legumes as another main food consumed in plant-based diet plans, nuts tend to have even greater vegetable oils, less carbohydrates, and roughly similar amounts of plant-based protein per serving. Both nuts and legumes are packed with antioxidant vitamins and essential minerals and have favorable plant-based protein profiles in order to optimize health. Other advantageous features of nuts compared to legumes include their convenience as a healthy “snack,” given that nuts typically do not require cooking, have longer preservation at room temperature, and are light/compact and easily portable (Table 1).