Behavioral and Physiological Bases for Doppler Shift Compensation by Echolocating Bats
Behavioral and Physiological Bases for Doppler Shift Compensation by Echolocating Bats
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_9
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Riquimaroux, Hiroshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hiryu, Shizuko;Mora, Emanuel C.;Riquimaroux, Hiroshi
马蹄蝙蝠(犀牛科)、东半球叶鼻蝙蝠(马蜂科)和几种须蝙蝠(包括帕内尔须蝙蝠(Pteronotus Parnellii)、巴拉圭须蝙蝠(Pteronotus Parnellisis)和中美洲须蝙蝠(Pteronotus Mesoamericanus)发出具有长恒定频率(Cf)分量的脉冲，并进化出分离脉冲和回声频率的机制。这种回声定位方法--高占空比(HDC)回声定位--在很大程度上依赖于多普勒频移补偿(DSC)。1968年，Schnitzler发现大马蹄蝙蝠(Rhinolphus Ferruequum)通过调整回声的叫声频率来补偿飞行引起的回声Cf分量的多普勒频移，从而确保飞行过程中稳定的回声频率。这种重要的行为适应得到了声学中心凹的支持，这是HDC蝙蝠从外周到中枢听觉系统的一种显著的形态和生理特化。听觉中心凹神经元对HDC蝙蝠回声定位叫声的Cf成分的窄频率范围具有高度敏感性。主宰回声定位呼叫的频率的多普勒频移补偿将频率保持在声学中心凹的窄范围内。这种CF呼叫、HDC回声定位和DSC的组合允许对昆虫拍打翅膀的回声中的声学闪烁进行精细频率分析，这使得这些蝙蝠在检测颤动方面非常有效。
Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae), Old World leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideridae), and several species of moustached bats (Mormoopidae), including Parnell’s moustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii), Paraguayan moustached bat (Pteronotus paraguayensis) and Mesoamerican moustached bats (Pteronotus mesoamericanus) emit pulses with long constant frequency (CF) components and have evolved mechanisms for separating the pulse and echo in frequency. This approach to echolocation—high duty cycle (HDC) echolocation—depends largely on Doppler shift compensation (DSC). In 1968, Schnitzler discovered that the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) compensates for flight-induced Doppler shifts in the CF component of echoes by adjusting their call frequency, ensuring a stable echo frequency during flight. This significant behavioral adaptation is supported by an acoustic fovea, a striking morphological and physiological specialization occurring from the peripheral to the central auditory system in HDC bats. The auditory fovea has neurons with high sensitivity to the narrow frequency range of the CF components of echolocation calls of HDC bats. Doppler shift compensation of the frequency that dominates the echolocation calls maintains the frequency within the narrow range of the acoustic fovea. This combination of CF calls, HDC echolocation, and DSC allows fine-frequency analysis of acoustic glints in echoes from insects fluttering their wings, which makes these bats very effective at detecting flutter.