© 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
© 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
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G. Pirtskhalaishvili;Gv Shurin;C. Esche;Q. Cai;Rr Salup;Sn Bykovskaia;Mt Lotze;Mr Shurin
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作者：
G. Pirtskhalaishvili;Gv Shurin;C. Esche;Q. Cai;Rr Salup;Sn Bykovskaia;Mt Lotze;Mr Shurin
在一九九九年，预计约有十八万名男子被诊断患有前列腺癌。据美国癌症协会估计，美国每年约有40000名男性死于这种疾病（Landis et al，1999）。虽然局部前列腺癌可以通过根治性手术或放射治疗来治疗，但对于晚期疾病没有根治性治疗。此外，三分之一的根治性治疗患者最终会复发。内分泌疗法只能提供暂时的缓解，化疗基本上无效。与年龄匹配的一般人群相比，前列腺癌使男性的预期寿命缩短约4-5年，并且约六分之一的男性具有患前列腺癌的终生风险。这使得更好地了解前列腺癌的性质和开发新的治疗方法至关重要。在过去的几年中，前列腺癌患者的免疫状态已经得到了评估。免疫抑制在相对局限的前列腺肿瘤中被注意到，并且许多研究表明在前列腺癌患者的晚期阶段免疫系统受到显著抑制。然而，这些患者中免疫缺陷的确切性质和水平以及其临床、生物学和预后意义仍然存在争议。在过去的十年中，树突状细胞（DC）在免疫反应发展中的作用受到了极大的关注。1973年首次描述（Steinman和Cohn，1973），DC起源于骨髓中的CD 34+祖细胞。在非淋巴组织中，这些细胞显然以具有识别、摄取和加工抗原的能力的未成熟DC的形式存在。在获得抗原后，它们可以迁移到淋巴结并将抗原呈递给T细胞，刺激其分化和克隆扩增。因此，作为抗原呈递细胞（APC），DC在特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答的发展中起关键作用（Shurin，1996）。相反，DC系统的抑制可以有效地消除特异性免疫反应的诱导和发展。事实上，最近已经显示DC在与肿瘤接触后可以在体内和体外经历凋亡（Esche等，1999; Shurin等，1999）。在黑色素瘤进展过程中，DC数量减少（Toriyama et al，1993; Stene et al，1988），并且原发性肿瘤病变中DC浸润增加与更好的生存率相关（Becker，1992; Lotze，1997）。前列腺癌也被研究为存在...
where about 180 000 men were expected to be diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1999. Approximately 40 000 men die of this disease every year in the US, according to American Cancer Society estimation (Landis et al, 1999). Though localized prostate cancer can be treated with radical surgery or radiation therapy, there is no curative treatment for advanced disease. In addition, one third of radically treated patients ultimately experience a relapse. Endocrine therapy offers only temporary relief, and chemotherapy is largely ineffective. Prostate cancer shortens life expectancy of men by approximately 4–5 years compared to the age-matched general population, and approximately one man out of 6 has a lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer. This makes a better understanding of prostate cancer's nature and the development of new treatment methods crucial. The immunologic status of prostate cancer patients has been evaluated during the last several years. Immunosuppression is noted in relatively confined prostate tumours, and a number of studies demonstrated a significant inhibition of the immune system at advanced stages in prostate cancer patients However, the exact nature and the level of immunodeficiency in these patients as well as its clinical, biological and prognostic significance are still controversial. During the last decade a great deal of attention has been paid to the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the development of immune responses. First described in 1973 (Steinman and Cohn, 1973), DC originate from CD34+ progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Within non-lymphoid tissue these cells apparently present as immature DC with the capacity to recognize, take up, and process antigen. After acquiring antigen, they can migrate to the lymph nodes and present the antigen to the T cells, stimulating their differentiation and clonal expansion. Thus, as antigen presenting cells (APC), DC play a crucial role in the development of specific antitumour immune responses (Shurin, 1996). In contrast, suppression of the DC system may effectively eliminate the induction and development of a specific immune reaction. Indeed, it has been recently shown that DC may undergo apoptosis in vivo and in vitro after contact with tumour (Esche et al, 1999; Shurin et al, 1999). Decreased number of DC has been demonstrated during the progression of melanoma (Toriyama et al, 1993; Stene et al, 1988), and increased DC infiltration into primary tumour lesions has been associated with better survival (Becker, 1992; Lotze, 1997). Prostate cancer has also been studied for the presence …