Evidence of a fixed polymorphism of one-year and two-year larval growth in the myrmecophilous butterfly Maculinea rebeli
Evidence of a fixed polymorphism of one-year and two-year larval growth in the myrmecophilous butterfly Maculinea rebeli
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嗜蝇蝴蝶 Maculinea relili 一年和两年幼虫生长的固定多态性的证据
DOI：
10.1111/icad.12370
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Elmes G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elmes G
斑蝶（=Phengaris）种类的蝴蝶具有复杂的生活方式，其中幼虫在进入最后一龄之前短暂地进食特定的食物植物，之后它们作为社会寄生虫生活在Myrmicaant殖民地内，并通过捕食蚂蚁幼虫（捕食性物种）或被工蚁（布谷鸟物种）喂养来获得98-99%的最终生物量。布谷鸟物种表现出两种生长形式，其中一些个体在11个月内发育成蛹，另一些个体在巢中停留23个月，这一策略在理论上代表了Myrmicasocieties内最有效的资源开发。早期的研究表明，斑蝶的发育速度（其他作者称之为斑蝶的旱生型）不是可塑的，而是代表了一种不寻常的固定多态性，其中卵在遗传上被预定为1或2年的幼虫。rebeli来自法国上阿尔卑斯省，这些结果：（i）每个个体幼虫的生长策略是由母亲在遗传上或（不太可能）在卵子发生过程中预先决定的。(ii)巢内竞争和宿主适应度影响生存和生长，但不影响固有的生长策略。(iii)1年和2年的发育幼虫的比例最初约为50：50，尽管在拥挤的巢穴中的差异存活可能会改变存活个体的比例。(iv)所有测试的雌性产卵，孵化到1年或2年的开发者。(v)不同区域的增长模式各不相同。来自西班牙比利牛斯山脉的落叶松最初比阿尔卑斯山的落叶松生长得少，大小等级之间的初始差异较小。
Maculinea(=Phengaris) species of butterfly have complex life‐styles in which the larvae feed briefly on specific foodplants before entering the final instar, after which they live as social parasites withinMyrmicaant colonies and acquire 98–99% of their ultimate biomass by either preying on ant brood (predatory species) or being fed by worker ants (cuckoo species). Cuckoo species demonstrate two growth forms, whereby some individuals develop to pupate in 11 months and others remain 23 months in the nest, a strategy that in theory represents the most efficient exploitation of resources withinMyrmicasocieties. Early studies suggested that development rates inMaculinea rebeli(referred to by other authors as the xerophilous form ofMaculinea alcon) were not plastic but represented an unusual fixed polymorphism, in which eggs were genetically predetermined as 1‐ or 2‐year larvae.We tested this idea in lab experiments usingM. rebelifrom the French Hautes‐Alpes, with these results: (i) the growth strategy of every individual larva is pre‐determined by the mother either genetically or, less probably, during oogenesis. (ii) Intra‐nest competition and host fitness affects survival and growth but does not influence the inherent growth strategy. (iii) The ratio of 1‐ and 2‐year developing larvae is initially about 50:50, although differential survival in crowded nests may alter the ratio of surviving individuals. (iv) All females tested laid eggs that hatched into both 1‐ or 2‐year developers. (v) Growth patterns vary between different regions. Larvae from the Spanish Pyrenees initially grow less than those from the Alps, with a smaller initial differentiation between the size classes.