Chemical analyses of Bronze Age glasses from Frattesina di Rovigo, Northern Italy
Chemical analyses of Bronze Age glasses from Frattesina di Rovigo, Northern Italy
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2004.02.015
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发表时间：
2004-08-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Rossi, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Angelini, I;Artioli, G;Rossi, A
在旨在系统表征意大利北部青铜时代玻璃的项目框架内，通过波长色散电子探针微量分析 (EPMA) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 结合能量色散光谱 (EDS) 对来自 Frattesina（意大利罗维戈）的一些玻璃进行了化学分析。还通过原子吸收光谱 (AAS) 和 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 分析了痕量发色团。 Frattesina di Rovigo（最终青铜时代（FBA），公元前 1200-1000 年）是目前欧洲唯一公认的显示青铜时代玻璃加工证据的地点。这项调查最初是为了对同时代玻璃的化学分析进行标准化和比较，如果根据意大利北部和欧洲其他玻璃的现有化学数据进行解释，就会产生有趣的信息。弗拉特西纳的原始玻璃可能是采用相当先进的生产技术生产的。除颜料外，还使用了至少三种不同的原料：近乎纯的二氧化硅源、稳定剂源（主要是 CaO、MgO）和一价碱源（Na2O、K2O），用于降低软化点，可能源自木灰。观察到的总碱含量的限制范围以及在 Frattesina 存在的两类具有不同 Na2O/K2O 比例的材料表明对玻璃物理性能的严格控制，以及至少两种不同碱性元素来源的可用性。玻璃的颜色是通过使用发色元素（特别是 Cu、Co、Fe、Mo）以及在工作过程中巧妙控制氧化/还原条件来确定的。通过将材料暴露于还原条件并诱导表面层中金属铜的晶体和晶体聚集体的溶出，在块状蓝色玻璃上获得薄红色涂层。这些金属颗粒已通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）进行了表征，其尺寸约为0.2-0.4微米。该技术与用于在文艺复兴釉料中获得金属光泽和在现代复合纳米材料中获得光电效应的技术惊人地相似。 (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Within the frame of a project aimed to systematically characterize Bronze Age glasses in Northern Italy, a few glasses from Frattesina (Rovigo, Italy) were chemically analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Trace chromofores were also analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Frattesina di Rovigo (Final Bronze Age (FBA), 1200-1000 BC) is at present the only recognized European locality showing evidence of glass working in the Bronze Age. The results of the investigation, which was initially carried out for standardization and comparison purposes of the chemical analyses of coeval glasses, yield interesting information if interpreted on the basis of the available chemical data from other Northern Italian and European glasses.The protohistoric glasses from Frattesina were likely produced with a rather advanced production technology. At least three different source materials were used, besides the pigments: a nearly pure source of silica, a source of stabilizers (mainly CaO, MgO), and a source of monovalent alkalis (Na2O, K2O) Used to lower the softening point, possibly derived from wood ashes. The restricted range observed for the total alkali content and the presence at Frattesina of two classes of materials characterized by distinct Na2O/ K2O ratios indicate a rigorous control of the physical properties of the glass, and the availability of at least two different sources of alkaline elements.The color of the glass was determined by the use of chromophoric elements (especially Cu, Co, Fe, Mo) and by skillful control of oxidation/reduction conditions during the working process. A thin red coating on bulk blue glasses was obtained by exposing the material to reducing conditions and by inducing the exsolution of crystals and crystal aggregates of metallic copper in the surface layer. The metallic particles have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and have dimensions of the order of 0.2-0.4 mum. The technique is surprisingly similar to the one used to obtain metallic luster in renaissance glazes and optoelectronic effects in modern composite nanomaterials. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.