Gamma-ray binaries and related systems
Gamma-ray binaries and related systems
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DOI：
10.1007/s00159-013-0064-5
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发表时间：
2013-07
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Dubus
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作者：
G. Dubus
经过最初的声明和长时间的中断，现在已经确定有几颗双星发射出高能（0.1-100 GeV）和高能（bbb100 GeV）伽马射线。由于它们的辐射功率大多超过1兆电子伏特，一种被称为“伽马射线双星”的新类型已经出现。吸积x射线双星、新星和碰撞风双星（ηCar）也被探测到——“相关系统”证实了天体物理源中普遍存在的粒子加速。这些系统有什么共同之处吗？是什么驱动了它们的高能发射？与其他伽马射线源（脉冲星、活动星系核、超新星遗迹）相比，这些过程如何？我回顾了这些探测之后的大量观测和理论工作，重点是伽马射线双星。我提出目前的证据，伽玛射线双星是由旋转动力脉冲星驱动的。双星是实验室，当组件在其轨道上旋转时，可以在规定的时间尺度上访问不同的有利位置或物理条件。我解释了伽玛射线双星模型使用的基本成分，它们目前面临的挑战，以及它们如何为脉冲星的物理学带来见解。我讨论了微类星体的伽马射线发射如何为吸积-弹射和加速之间的联系提供了一个窗口，而η car和新星则对这些物体的物理学或扩散激波加速理论提出了新的问题。事实上，通过在通常无法预见的尺度和环境中进行测试，解释双星的伽马射线发射会使我们的高能天体物理过程理论变得紧张，而这正是这些探测最有价值的地方。
After initial claims and a long hiatus, it is now established that several binary stars emit high- (0.1–100 GeV) and very high-energy (>100 GeV) gamma rays. A new class has emerged called “gamma-ray binaries”, since most of their radiated power is emitted beyond 1 MeV. Accreting X-ray binaries, novae and a colliding wind binary (ηCar) have also been detected—“related systems” that confirm the ubiquity of particle acceleration in astrophysical sources. Do these systems have anything in common? What drives their high-energy emission? How do the processes involved compare to those in other sources of gamma rays: pulsars, active galactic nuclei, supernova remnants? I review the wealth of observational and theoretical work that have followed these detections, with an emphasis on gamma-ray binaries. I present the current evidence that gamma-ray binaries are driven by rotation-powered pulsars. Binaries are laboratories giving access to different vantage points or physical conditions on a regular timescale as the components revolve on their orbit. I explain the basic ingredients that models of gamma-ray binaries use, the challenges that they currently face, and how they can bring insights into the physics of pulsars. I discuss how gamma-ray emission from microquasars provides a window into the connection between accretion–ejection and acceleration, whileηCar and novae raise new questions on the physics of these objects—or on the theory of diffusive shock acceleration. Indeed, explaining the gamma-ray emission from binaries strains our theories of high-energy astrophysical processes, by testing them on scales and in environments that were generally not foreseen, and this is how these detections are most valuable.