Capability of GPM IMERG Products for Extreme Precipitation Analysis over the Indonesian Maritime Continent
Capability of GPM IMERG Products for Extreme Precipitation Analysis over the Indonesian Maritime Continent
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DOI：
10.3390/rs14020412
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发表时间：
2022-01
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通讯作者：
Ravidho Ramadhan;M. Marzuki;H. Yusnaini;R. Muharsyah;W. Suryanto;Sholihun Sholihun-Sholihun;M. Vonnisa;A. Battaglia;H. Hashiguchi
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作者：
Ravidho Ramadhan;M. Marzuki;H. Yusnaini;R. Muharsyah;W. Suryanto;Sholihun Sholihun-Sholihun;M. Vonnisa;A. Battaglia;H. Hashiguchi
综合多卫星反演 GPM (IMERG) 数据已广泛用于分析极端降水，但该数据从未在印度尼西亚海洋大陆 (IMC) 得到验证。本研究评估了IMERG早期（E）、晚期（L）和最终（F）数据利用五年（2016-2020）雨量计数据观测IMC极端降雨的能力。使用克林-古普塔效率（KGE）矩阵评估了 IMERG 观测极端降雨指数的能力。 IMERG很好地捕捉了年总降水量（PRCPTOT）、潮湿天数（R85p）、特大潮湿天数（R95p）、阴雨天数（R1mm）、大雨天数（R10mm）、特大雨天数（R20mm）、连续干燥天数（CDD）和最大5天降水量（RX5day）等指数的气候特征，由KGE值>0.4表示。极湿日数（R99p）、特强降水日数（R50mm）、最大1日降水量（RX1day）和简单日强度指数（SDII）等指标显示表现中等（KGE = 0–0.4）。此外，在连续潮湿天数 (CWD) 指数中观察到 IMERG 的低性能 (KGE < 0)。在评估的 13 个极端降雨指数中，IMERG 分别低估和高估了 9 个和 4 个指数的降水量。 IMERG 倾向于高估与低降雨强度（例如 R1mm）相关的指标的降水量。 CWD 指数的高估程度最高，这与小雨的高估和每日数据的高误报率（FAR）有关。对于极端降雨的所有指数，IMERG 都表现出良好的观察 IMC 极端降雨变化的能力。总体而言，IMERG-L 显示出比 IMERG-E 和 -F 更好的能力，但差异不显着。因此，IMERG-E和IMERG-L的数据比IMERG-F具有更快的延迟，在IMC的极端降雨观测和洪水建模中具有巨大的潜力。
Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) data have been widely used to analyze extreme precipitation, but the data have never been validated for the Indonesian Maritime Continent (IMC). This study evaluated the capability of IMERG Early (E), Late (L), and Final (F) data to observe extreme rain in the IMC using the rain gauge data within five years (2016–2020). The capability of IMERG in the observation of the extreme rain index was evaluated using Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) matrices. The IMERG well captured climatologic characteristics of the index of annual total precipitation (PRCPTOT), number of wet days (R85p), number of very wet days (R95p), number of rainy days (R1mm), number of heavy rain days (R10mm), number of very heavy rain days (R20mm), consecutive dry days (CDD), and max 5-day precipitation (RX5day), indicated by KGE value >0.4. Moderate performance (KGE = 0–0.4) was shown in the index of the amount of very extremely wet days (R99p), the number of extremely heavy precipitation days (R50mm), max 1-day precipitation (RX1day), and Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII). Furthermore, low performance of IMERG (KGE < 0) was observed in the consecutive wet days (CWDs) index. Of the 13 extreme rain indices evaluated, IMERG underestimated and overestimated precipitation of nine and four indexes, respectively. IMERG tends to overestimate precipitation of indexes related to low rainfall intensity (e.g., R1mm). The highest overestimation was observed in the CWD index, related to the overestimation of light rainfall and the high false alarm ratio (FAR) from the daily data. For all indices of extreme rain, IMERG showed good capability to observe extreme rain variability in the IMC. Overall, IMERG-L showed a better capability than IMERG-E and -F but with an insignificant difference. Thus, the data of IMERG-E and IMERG-L, with a more rapid latency than IMERG-F, have great potential to be used for extreme rain observation and flood modeling in the IMC.