Aging and retinoid X receptor agonists on masculinization of female Pomacea canaliculata, with a critical appraisal of imposex evaluation in the Ampullariidae
Aging and retinoid X receptor agonists on masculinization of female Pomacea canaliculata, with a critical appraisal of imposex evaluation in the Ampullariidae
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.096
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Castro-Vazquez, Alfredo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Giraud-Billoud, Maximiliano;Castro-Vazquez, Alfredo
瓶螺科在腹足类中是独特的，因为雌性通常显示交配器（CAp）的原基。本研究的目的是（a）定量评价雌性CAp随年龄的发育和生长;（B）比较RXR和PPAR γ激动剂在已知年龄的成年雌性中的作用和（c）探索雄性化RXR激动剂对CAp中RXR表达的作用。结果发现，CApp随年龄增长而生长发育。与4-5月龄相比，7-8月龄雌性的阴茎鞘长度（PsL）和发育指数（DI）显著增加。注射一种已报道的RXR内源性激动剂9-顺式视黄酸（9-cis retinoic acid，9 cis-RA），以及两种有机锡化合物三丁基锡（TBT）和三苯基锡（TPT），这两种化合物也已报道与RXR结合，并测量其雄性化效应。此外，研究了PPARy激动剂罗格列酮的作用。所有研究的RXR激动剂，但不是PPAR γ激动剂，有效增加PsL，阴茎长度（PL）和DI。最后，在对照、TBT、TPT和9只顺式RA处理的雌性动物中研究了CAp中RXR的表达（Western印迹）。仅在9 cis-RA处理后观察到RXR表达显着增加。得出结论：（a）CAp的发育和生长受女性年龄的显著影响;（B）所报道的RXR激动剂，而不是PPAR γ激动剂，引起年轻女性的女性雄性化。以前的研究女性男性化的壶腹螺科也进行了评估，并强调，男性化的影响老化应予以考虑，特别是在解释现场数据。
Ampullariidae are unique among gastropods in that females normally show a primordium of the copulatory apparatus (CApp). The aims of this study were (a) to quantitatively evaluate the development and growth of the female CApp with age; (b) to compare the effects of RXR and PPARy agonists in adult females of known age and (c) to explore the effect of masculinizing RXR agonists on the expression of RXR in the CApp. It was found that the CApp grows and develops with age. A significant increase in penile sheath length (PsL) and also in a developmental index (DI) was observed in 7-8 months old females, as compared with 4-5 months old ones. A reported endogenous agonist of RXR, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cis-RA), as well as two organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) which have been also reported to bind to RXR, were injected and its masculinizing effects were measured. Also, the effect of a PPARy agonist, rosiglitazone, was studied. All studied RXR agonists, but not the PPAR gamma agonist, were effective in increasing PsL, penile length (PL) and DI. Finally, the expression of the RXR in the CApp was studied (Western blot) in control, TBT, TPT, and 9cis-RA treated females. A significantly increased expression of RXR was only observed after 9cis-RA treatment. It is concluded that (a) development and growth of the CApp is significantly affected by female age; (b) reported RXR agonists, but not a PPARy agonist, cause female masculinization of young females. An appraisal of previous studies of female masculinization in the Ampullariidae has also been made and it is emphasized that the masculinizing effect of aging should be considered, particularly when interpreting field data.