Relationship between number of muscles, behavioral repertoire size, and encephalization in mammals
Relationship between number of muscles, behavioral repertoire size, and encephalization in mammals
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DOI：
10.1006/jtbi.2003.3125
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发表时间：
2003-01-21
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Changizi, MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Changizi, MA
哺乳动物的行为是由多块肌肉以协调的方式活动而形成的。从表面上看，有三种主要的方法可以增加动物的行为能力。第一个是，对于每个新的行为类型，创建一组新的肌肉类型（例如，三头肌，缝匠肌等）。新的功能专门用于实现该行为类型。如果是这样的话，那么尽管每个行为都是由许多肌肉组成的，但行为并不是由肌肉组成的组合。第二种类似于第一种，因为新的行为类型是通过新的肌肉类型实现的，但是，相反，肌肉是以组合的方式使用的，因此新的肌肉类型与现有肌肉类型的组合使得新的行为类型成为可能。这类似于在一种语言中添加新词。第三种方法是增加行为表达本身的复杂性（而不是增加肌肉类型的数量），即在平均行为中涉及更多的肌肉。这类似于在一种语言中说出较长的句子。我在这篇论文中的主要任务是研究这些方式中的哪一种是哺乳动物行为复杂性增加的基础。从行为学文献的行为剧目的大小积累了24种哺乳动物在8个订单，和肌肉类型的数量估计在8个哺乳动物订单的解剖图谱。哺乳动物行为复杂性实际增加的方式似乎有利于上述第二种可能性：更大的行为复杂性主要是通过增加肌肉类型的数量以及以组合方式使用肌肉来实现的。我描述的理论框架，使我们能够解释的方式，肌肉类型的数量规模与行为剧目的大小，我的结论是，在构建行为表达的自由度的数量是在三个顺序，这可能是由于在形成行为的神经生物学的限制。本文还讨论了大鼠行为的个体发生。最后，我表明，有一个很强的正相关关系之间的行为剧目的大小和哺乳动物的脑化。(C)2003爱思唯尔科技有限公司版权所有。
Behavior for mammals is built out of multiple muscles acting in a coordinated fashion. Prima facie, there are three principal ways to increase an animal's behavioral repertoire size. The first is to, for each new behavior type, create a set of new muscle types (e.g. triceps, sartorius, etc.) with new functions specifically devoted to the implementation of that behavior type. If this were the case, then although each behavior is built out of many muscles, behavior is not built in a combinatorial fashion out of muscles. The second is similar to the first in that new behavior types are implemented via new muscle types, but, instead, muscles are used in a combinatorial fashion, so that it is the combination of the new muscle type with existing muscle types that makes the new behavior type possible. This is analogous to the addition of new words in a language. The third way behavioral complexity may be scaled up is to increase the complexity of behavioral expressions themselves (rather than increasing the number of muscles types), namely by having more muscles involved in an average behavior. This is analogous to uttering longer sentences in a language. My main task in this paper is to examine which of these ways underlies the increase of behavioral complexity among mammals. Behavioral repertoire sizes from the ethology literature were accumulated for mammals from two dozen species across eight orders, and the number of muscle types was estimated from atlases of anatomy across eight mammalian orders. The manner in which behavioral complexity actually increases among mammals appears to favor the second possibility mentioned above: greater behavioral complexity is achieved primarily by increasing the number of muscle types, and by using muscles in a combinatorial fashion. The theoretical framework I describe allows us to interpret the manner in which the number of muscle types scales with behavioral repertoire size, and I conclude that the number of degrees of freedom in the construction of behavioral expressions is on the order of three, which is probably due to neurobiological limitations in forming behaviors. The ontogeny of behavior in rat is also discussed within this framework. Finally, I show that there is a strong positive relationship between behavioral repertoire size and encephalization among mammals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.