Postglacial outsize fan formation in the Upper Rhone valley, Switzerland – gradual or catastrophic?

Postglacial outsize fan formation in the Upper Rhone valley, Switzerland – gradual or catastrophic?
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瑞士上罗纳河谷的冰后巨型扇形形成——渐进还是灾难性的?

DOI:
10.1002/esp.5301
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Schrott
Schrott
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Schoch-Baumann. A;Blöthe;Munack;Hornung;Codilean;Fülöp;Wilcken;Schrott

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超大风扇的特点是,相对于其风扇区域,支线集水似乎不成比例地小。这些地貌的形成过程往往逃过了严格的科学调查,但仍然没有定论,据推测,范围从灾难性的质量消耗过程到逐渐的河流形成。在这里,我们应用了多种方法,结合形态测量分析、地球物理地下测量和宇宙成因放射性核素暴露测年,对瑞士罗纳河谷上游三个迄今未知形成历史的特大型扇体进行了研究。它们的支流流域被切割成基岩山坡,缺乏先前存在的集水结构和/或冰川消融后可用的松散物质的迹象。根据我们对这些扇体中最大的一个的研究,我们的发现表明扇形形成分为三个阶段:第一阶段,在消融ATC之后开始。10千卡,并随着充分集水区的发展而停止。6.0ka以来,块状扇体是由大量高能、高等级泥石流沉积而成,输出沉积物的平均产量可达73kt Km−2yr−1。在第二阶段,补给盆地受到相对较小规模的泥石流的影响,泥石流沉积相分布于初始扇上,分布有泥石流河道、鼻口和大卵石。随着时间的推移,沉积速率迅速衰减,最终停止。0.8ka,当系统进入目前的第三阶段时,在此期间风扇表面巩固,风扇沉积终止。扇体上游的低坡度和丰富的静水沉积仍然证明了主干河谷纵向沉积物连通性的中断。我们认为,上罗纳河谷大规模泥石流形成的特大型扇体是快速和大规模的,但是增量的和非灾害性的。鉴于以极高的速度运送材料,超大风扇能够对地貌系统产生持续影响,并在活动阶段可能危及人类生计。
Outsize fans are characterized by seemingly disproportionately small feeder catchments in relation to their fan area. Often having escaped rigorous scientific inquiry, the formative processes of these landforms remain inconclusive, supposedly ranging from catastrophic mass‐wasting processes to gradual fluvial formation. Here we apply a multi‐method approach, combining morphometric analysis with geophysical subsurface surveys and cosmogenic radionuclide exposure dating, to three outsize fans with hitherto unknown formation history in the Upper Rhone valley, Switzerland. Their feeder catchments are cut into bedrock hillslopes with a lack of indication of both pre‐existing catchment structures and/or unconsolidated material that was available after deglaciation.Focusing our study on the largest of these fans, our findings suggest a fan formation in three phases: In Phase 1, commencing after deglaciation atc. 10 ka and ceasing with full catchment developmentc. 6.0 ka, bulk fan bodies were established by deposits of massive high‐energy, high‐magnitude debris flows exporting sediment with average yields of up to 73 kt km−2yr−1. In Phase 2, feeder basins were affected by comparatively lower‐magnitude debris flows that distributed a sedimentary facies of debris flow channels, snouts and large boulders across the initial fan. Over time, deposition rates quickly decayed and finally ceasedc. 0.8 ka, when the system entered the present Phase 3, during which the fan‐surface consolidated and fan aggradation terminated. Low gradient and abundant still‐water deposits upstream of the fan still attest to the disruption of longitudinal sediment connectivity in the trunk valley.We conclude that outsize fan formation by massive debris flows in the Upper Rhone valley was rapid and massive, but incremental and non‐catastrophic. Given the delivery of material at extremely high rates, outsize fans are capable of having a sustained impact on geomorphic systems and, during phases of activity, potentially endangering human livelihoods.
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