THE FACTOR CONTENT OF FOREIGN TRADE
THE FACTOR CONTENT OF FOREIGN TRADE
复制标题
二、对外贸易要素含量
DOI：
10.2307/2232217
复制
发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. Helpman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Helpman
在要素比例贸易理论（赫克歇尔-俄林理论）中，贸易格局的要素含量在理论和实证研究中都起着重要作用。因此，确定对贸易要素含量的允许向量的限制是有价值的，这些向量必然保持平衡。如果某些限制条件是经验上可检验的，那么它们可以在进行更彻底的检验之前用于对理论的初步检验，或者它们可以用来否定理论。我打算在本文中提出一套对贸易要素含量向量的限制，这些限制可用于上述目的。众所周知，自给自足的商品价格限制了可能的贸易模式。这些限制提供了一个两国两种商品世界的贸易模式的精确预测，在这个意义上，一种商品的出口商很容易从自给自足的价格数据中识别出来（作为商品相对价格较低的国家）。我将首先说明，在要素价格均衡的情况下，自给自足的要素报酬对贸易模式的要素含量施加限制，这与自给自足的商品价格对商品贸易模式施加的限制完全类似。这一结果符合要素比例模型中商品贸易是要素服务的间接贸易的观点。不幸的是，这些限制依赖于自给自足的信息，因此，它们对经验工作不是很有用。为了克服这一困难，我探索了一种替代方法。我认为，共同的预测贸易流量的要素含量这是基于贸易后的可观察数据-相关的实证研究的数据依赖于不必要的限制性假设，即假设偏好是相似的和相同的国家和假设的要素价格均衡。当假设要素价格均衡时，似乎有必要假设相同的相似偏好，因为在这种情况下，生产模式存在不确定性。然而，这两个假设加在一起意味着，对于每一种均衡生产模式，一国从世界其他地区净进口矢量的要素含量都是相同的。然而，在一个多国家的世界中，双边贸易流动的要素含量取决于实际生产模式，因此无法预测。我将证明，在没有要素价格均衡的情况下（许多
In the factor proportions trade theory (the Heckscher-Ohlin theory) the factor content of the pattern of trade plays a major role both in theoretical and in empirical investigations. It is therefore valuable to identify restrictions on permissible vectors of the factor content of trade which necessarily hold in equilibrium. If certain restrictions are empirically testable they can be used for preliminary testing of the theory before a more thorough examination is undertaken, or they can be used to reject the theory. It is my intention to develop in this paper a set of restrictions on the vectors of the factor content of trade which can be used for these purposes. It is well known that autarky commodity prices impose restrictions on possible patterns of trade. These restrictions provide a precise prediction of the pattern of trade for a two-country two-commodity world, in the sense that the exporter of a good is readily identifiable from autarky price data (as the country with the lower relative price of the good). I will start by showing that in the presence of factor price equalisation autarky factor rewards impose restrictions on the factor content of trade patterns which are completely analogous to the restrictions imposed by autarky commodity prices on the commodity patterns of trade. This result is in line with the view that in the factor proportions model trade in commodities represents indirect trade in factor services. Unfortunately, these restrictions rely on autarky information, and they are, therefore, not very useful for empirical work. In order to overcome this difficulty, I explore an alternative approach. I argue that common predictions of the factor content of trade flows Which are based on post-trade observable data - the data relevant for empirical studies rely on unnecessarily restrictive assumptions, i.e. the assumption that preferences are homothetic and identical across countries and the assumption of factor price equalisation. The assumption of identical homothetic preferences seems to be necessary when factor price equalisation is assumed, because in this case there is an indeterminancy in the pattern of production. Nevertheless, the two assumptions taken together imply the same factor content of a country's net import vector from the rest of the world for every equilibrium production pattern. However, in a many-country world the factor content of bilateral trade flows depends on the realised production patterns, and they cannot, therefore, be predicted. I will show that in the absence of factor price equalisation (which many