Classical biological control of ash whitefly: factors contributing to its success in California
Classical biological control of ash whitefly: factors contributing to its success in California
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1009907826562
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发表时间：
1999-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Pitcairn, MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pickett, CH;Pitcairn, MJ
灰粉虱Siphoninus phillyphia于1988年入侵加州，迅速蔓延到整个州，并侵染了几种观赏树木和灌木。释放的恩蚜小蜂迅速建立种群，并在灰粉虱占领的地区蔓延。我们研究了传播和越冬能力是否可以发挥作用，这种寄生蜂的非凡成功，我们测量了释放寄生蜂的影响，使用一种新的方法在北方加州的一个单一的位置。E. 1991年7月25日，在加州布伦特伍德附近的1公顷石榴果园中，通过将250只成虫释放到一棵树中来检验inaron。根据黄色粘卡陷阱，成人人口蔓延至少45米，从释放树在9周内释放。在同一时期，寄生蜂的数量增加了64倍。通过测量在不存在和存在E. inaron超过12个月。粉虱成虫的生产，衡量的数量进入成年人口的pupeles，减少到非常低的数字一年后建立的寄生。生产E. inaron成虫迅速增加，然后随着灰粉虱成虫产量的下降而下降。在隆冬季节采集梨树落叶，研究灰粉虱在落叶上的存活情况。在收集的12天内，超过50%的成虫从叶上的粉虱蛹中出现。
The ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae, invaded California in 1988 rapidly spreading throughout the state and infesting several species of ornamental trees and shrubs. Released Encarsia inaron rapidly established populations and spread throughout areas occupied by ash whitefly. We examined whether dispersal and overwintering ability could play a role in the extraordinary success of this parasitoid and we measured the impact of released parasitoids using a new method at a single location in northern California. The dispersal ability of E. inaron was examined by releasing two hundred and fifty adults 25 July 1991 into a single tree in a 1 ha pomegranate orchard near Brentwood, California. Based on yellow sticky card traps, the adult population spread at least 45 m from the release tree within 9 weeks of release. Over the same period of time the parasitoid population increased 64 fold. Impact was determined by measuring the number of ash whitefly adults produced in the absence and presence of E. inaron over 12 months. The production of whitefly adults, measured by the number of pupae entering the adult population, was reduced to very low numbers one year following the establishment of the parasitoid. Production of E. inaron adults increased rapidly, then decreased following the drop in production of ash whitefly adults. Duff of flowering pear trees was collected from under sample trees in mid winter to determine whether ash whitefly could survive on fallen leaves. Over fifty percent of adults emerged from whitefly pupae on leaves within 12 days of collection.