Multidimensional specialization and generalization are pervasive in soil prokaryotes
Multidimensional specialization and generalization are pervasive in soil prokaryotes
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DOI：
10.1038/s41559-023-02149-y
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发表时间：
2023-08
影响因子：
16.8
通讯作者：
Damian J. Hernandez;K. Kiesewetter;Brianna K. Almeida;Daniel Revillini;Michelle E. Afkhami
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Damian J. Hernandez;K. Kiesewetter;Brianna K. Almeida;Daniel Revillini;Michelle E. Afkhami
栖息地特化支撑着从物种分布到物种形成的生物过程。然而，生物体通常被描述为基于单一生态位轴的专家或多面手，尽管面临复杂的多维环境。在这里，我们分析了美国各地的236个环境土壤微生物组，并证明了> 1，200个原核生物中的90%遵循两种轨迹之一：所有生态位轴上的专业化（多维专业化）或所有轴上的泛化（多维泛化）。然后，我们记录了这种普遍的多维专业化/泛化有许多生态和进化的后果。首先，多维特化和泛化是高度保守的，这两个轨迹之间的转换很少。第二，多维通才在社区中占主导地位，因为他们的数量是专家的73倍。最后，多维专家在社区结构中发挥了重要作用，微生物组网络中的连接增加了约220%。这些结果表明，多维泛化和专业化是进化稳定的多维通才支持更大的人口和多维专家发挥重要作用的社区内，可能源于他们的代表性过高的污染物解毒剂和营养循环。两者合计，我们表明，绝大多数的土壤原核生物被限制在两个多维生态位轨迹，多维专业化或多维泛化，然后有深远的影响进化过渡，微生物的优势和社区的作用。
Habitat specialization underpins biological processes from species distributions to speciation. However, organisms are often described as specialists or generalists based on a single niche axis, despite facing complex, multidimensional environments. Here, we analysed 236 environmental soil microbiomes across the United States and demonstrate that 90% of >1,200 prokaryotes followed one of two trajectories: specialization on all niche axes (multidimensional specialization) or generalization on all axes (multidimensional generalization). We then documented that this pervasive multidimensional specialization/generalization had many ecological and evolutionary consequences. First, multidimensional specialization and generalization are highly conserved with very few transitions between these two trajectories. Second, multidimensional generalists dominated communities because they were 73 times more abundant than specialists. Lastly, multidimensional specialists played important roles in community structure with ~220% more connections in microbiome networks. These results indicate that multidimensional generalization and specialization are evolutionarily stable with multidimensional generalists supporting larger populations and multidimensional specialists playing important roles within communities, probably stemming from their overrepresentation among pollutant detoxifiers and nutrient cyclers. Taken together, we demonstrate that the vast majority of soil prokaryotes are restricted to one of two multidimensional niche trajectories, multidimensional specialization or multidimensional generalization, which then has far-reaching consequences for evolutionary transitions, microbial dominance and community roles.