D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems.
D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems.
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作者：
Kiriyama Y;Nochi H
氨基酸是肽和蛋白质的重要组成部分，并作为信号传导剂。只有L-氨基酸被认为是哺乳动物（包括人类）所必需的。然而，在哺乳动物中发现了多种D-氨基酸，如D-丝氨酸、D-天冬氨酸、D-丙氨酸和D-半胱氨酸。这些D-氨基酸不仅在神经系统中，而且在内分泌系统中的生理作用正在逐渐被揭示。N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体与学习和记忆有关。D-丝氨酸、D-天冬氨酸和D-丙氨酸都可以与NMDA受体结合。由D-半胱氨酸产生的H2S还原受体中的二硫键并增强其活性。异常受体活性与中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病有关，例如阿尔茨海默病、肌萎缩性侧索硬化症和精神分裂症。此外，在内分泌系统的部分中检测到D-氨基酸，例如松果体、下丘脑、脑下垂体、胰腺、肾上腺和睾丸。正在研究D-天冬氨酸对各种内分泌器官激素释放的调节作用。在这里，我们集中在最近的研究结果，关于D-氨基酸的合成和生理功能的神经和内分泌系统。
Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological roles of these D-amino acids not only in the nervous system but also in the endocrine system are being gradually revealed. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are associated with learning and memory. D-Serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine can all bind to NMDA receptors. H2S generated from D-cysteine reduces disulfide bonds in receptors and potentiates their activity. Aberrant receptor activity is related to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are detected in parts of the endocrine system, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and testis. D-Aspartate is being investigated for the regulation of hormone release from various endocrine organs. Here we focused on recent findings regarding the synthesis and physiological functions of D-amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems.