Children's understanding about white lies
Children's understanding about white lies
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DOI：
10.1348/026151002166316
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发表时间：
2002-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Robinson, WP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Broomfield, KA;Robinson, EJ;Robinson, WP
在三个实验中，孩子们建议并证明了一个故事角色收到了令人失望的礼物后的口头反应。在实验1中，错误地暗示收礼者喜欢礼物的回答在4-9岁的孩子中越来越普遍。给出错误回答的孩子们认为，送礼者会相信礼物是喜欢的，并且会因为谎言而高兴。他们还预测，如果告诉对方真相，给予者会不高兴，并通过了二级错误信念的测试。然而，许多提出真实答案的孩子，即不喜欢礼物，也显示出对给出真实和错误答案的后果的充分理解，并且还通过了二阶错误信念。心理状态的理解在暗示错误反应之前得到了发展。在涉及6岁、8岁和10岁儿童的实验2中，更多的儿童提出错误的语言反应，而不是错误的面部反应。在实验2和3中，给孩子伪造的亲社会理由增加了错误反应的发生率，即使在那些看起来无法处理二阶精神状态的孩子中也是如此。在实验3中，无论说话者是成人还是儿童，6岁的孩子都同样频繁地给出真实的回答。许多小孩子显然更重视说真话，而不是保护送礼者的感情。
In three experiments, children suggested and justified a verbal response for a story character who received a disappointing gift. In Experiment 1, responses suggesting falsely that the recipient liked the gift were increasingly common over the ages 4-9 years. Children who suggested false responses judged that the giver would believe the gift was liked and would be happy following the falsehood. They also predicted that the giver would be unhappy had the truth been told, and passed a test of second-order false belief. However, many children who suggested truthful responses, that the gift was disliked, also revealed a full understanding of the consequences of giving true and false responses, and also passed second-order false belief. Mental-state understanding was developmentally prior to suggesting a false response. In Experiment 2, involving 6-, 8 and 10-year-olds, more children suggested false verbal than false facial responses. In Experiments 2 and 3, giving children the pro-social reason for falsifying increased the incidence of false responses, even amongst children who appeared not to be able to handle second-order mental states. In Experiment 3, 6-year-olds suggested truthful responses just as frequently, whether the speaker was an adult or a child. Many young children apparently place more weight on truth-telling than on protecting the feelings of a gift-giver.