First-Year Maternal Employment and Child Development in the First Seven Years.
First-Year Maternal Employment and Child Development in the First Seven Years.
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第一年母亲就业和头七年儿童发展。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1540-5834.2010.00562.x
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
Waldfogel,Jane
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brooks-Gunn,Jeanne;Han,Wen-Jui;Waldfogel,Jane
使用NICHD早期儿童保育研究的前两个阶段的数据，我们研究了出生后前12个月的母亲就业与3岁，4岁半和一年级儿童的认知，社会和情感结果之间的联系。借鉴发展心理学、经济学和社会学的理论和先前的研究，我们解决三个主要问题。第一，母亲第一年的工作与孩子在出生后7年的认知、社会和情感结果之间存在什么联系？第二，这种关联在多大程度上会因孩子的性别、气质或母亲的职业而有所不同？第三，在多大程度上做母亲的收入，家庭环境（产妇抑郁症状，敏感性，和HOME分数），和类型和质量的儿童保育中介或抵消第一年的就业和儿童的结果之间的任何关联，什么是第一年的产妇就业的净效应，一旦这些因素被考虑在内？我们比较了母亲全职工作（55%），兼职（23%），或没有工作（22%）在第一年的非西班牙裔白色儿童（N = 900）和非洲裔美国儿童（N = 113）的家庭。在进行比较时还考虑到母亲在第一年内就业的时间。包括一组丰富的控制变量。OLS和SEM分析。关于认知结果，首先，我们发现，在出生后的前12个月，（但不是兼职工作）与非西班牙裔白色儿童在3岁、4岁半和一年级时认知发展的一些（但不是全部）指标得分显著降低有关，但是，对于非洲裔美国儿童的小样本来说，第一年的兼职工作与某些措施的全日制工作相比，得分更高。第二年和第三年的就业与认知结果无关。其次，我们研究了孩子的性别和气质以及母亲的职业在调节第一年母亲就业和认知结果之间的关联中的作用，但发现无论是孩子的特征还是母亲的职业都没有显着的相互作用。第三，我们研究了一组广泛的潜在调解人的作用-母亲的收入，家庭环境，以及儿童保育的类型和质量。我们发现，全职工作的母亲在出生后第一年及以后的收入更高，兼职工作的母亲比没有工作或全职工作的母亲有更高的家庭和母亲敏感度评分，全职或兼职工作的母亲更有可能把孩子放在高-在3岁和4岁半之前获得高质量的儿童保育，在4岁半之前，她们的孩子在中心照料的时间比母亲在生命的第一年没有工作的家庭要多。然而，我们也发现了第一年的产妇就业和产妇抑郁症状水平的升高之间的一些联系。转向结构方程模型的结果，我们发现，第一年的母亲就业的认知结果的整体影响是中性的。这是因为全职第一年就业的显著负面直接影响被通过更多地使用基于中心的护理和4岁半时更大的母亲敏感性而产生的显著正面间接影响所抵消。关于社会和情感的结果，几个发现，再次限于非西班牙裔白色儿童，脱颖而出。首先，我们没有发现第一年的母亲就业和…
Using data from the first 2 phases of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, we examine the links between maternal employment in the first 12 months of life and cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes for children at age 3, age 4½, and first grade. Drawing on theory and prior research from developmental psychology as well as economics and sociology, we address three main questions. First, what associations exist between first-year maternal employment and cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes for children over the first seven years of life? Second, to what extent do any such associations vary by the child’s gender and temperament, or the mother’s occupation? Third, to what extent do mother’s earnings, the home environment (maternal depressive symptoms, sensitivity, and HOME scores), and the type and quality of child care mediate or offset any associations between first-year employment and child outcomes, and what is the net effect of first-year maternal employment once these factors are taken into account? We compare families in which mothers worked full time (55%), part time (23%), or did not work (22%) in the first year for non-Hispanic white children (N=900) and for African-American children (N=113). Comparisons are also made taking into account the timing of mothers’ employment within the first year. A rich set of control variables are included. OLS and SEM analyses are constructed. With regard to cognitive outcomes, first, we find that full-time maternal employment in the first 12 months of life (but not part-time employment) is associated with significantly lower scores on some, but not all, measures of cognitive development at age 3, 4 ½, and first grade for non-Hispanic white children, but with no significant associations for the small sample of African-American children Part-time employment in the first year is associated with higher scores than full-time employment for some measures. Employment in the second and third year of life is not associated with the cognitive outcomes. Second, we examine the role of the child’s gender and temperament and the mother’s occupation in moderating the associations between first-year maternal employment and cognitive outcomes, but find few significant interactions for either child characteristics or mother’s occupation. Third, we examine the role of an extensive set of potential mediators – the mother’s earnings, the home environment, and the type and quality of child care. We find that mothers who worked full time have higher income in the first year of life and thereafter, that mothers who worked part time have higher HOME and maternal sensitivity scores than mothers who did not work or worked full time, and that mothers who worked either full time or part time were more likely to place their children in high-quality child care by age 3 and 4 ½ and their children spent more time in center-based care by age 4 ½ than in families where mothers did not work in the first year of life. However, we also find some links between first-year maternal employment and elevated levels of maternal depressive symptoms thereafter. Turning to results from structural equation modeling, we find that the overall effects of first-year maternal employment on the cognitive outcomes are neutral. This occurs because significantly negative direct effects of full-time first-year employment are offset by significantly positive indirect effects working through more use of center-based care and greater maternal sensitivity by age 4 ½. Regarding social and emotional outcomes, several findings, again limited to non-Hispanic white children, stand out. First, we find no significant associations between first-year maternal employment and …