Lipids in photosynthesis. Essential and regulatory functions
Lipids in photosynthesis. Essential and regulatory functions
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DOI：
10.1093/aob/mcs277
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发表时间：
2013-02
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
M. P. Davey;Alison G. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. P. Davey;Alison G. Smith
在脂质代谢的科学兴趣已经爆炸，因为这本书的第一版。这在一定程度上是由于从光合生物中提取的生物燃料的前景。然而，很明显，我们还远远没有完全理解脂质代谢的遗传和调控复杂性。不管你对脂质有什么兴趣，光合作用中的脂质是当前快速变化的主题中必不可少的读物。这本书（这是b施普林格的系列进展在光合作用和呼吸作用的一部分）开始与脂质生物化学的理解，包括基因测序技术，模式物种的开发在不同的门，如拟南芥，衣藻和聚囊藻的进步的全面概述，以及转化一系列光合作用物种的能力。这很好地为本书的其余部分奠定了基础。除了在理解模式物种脂质代谢方面取得的进展的文本外，还有关于非模式物种脂质多样性的信息，以及脂质代谢如何响应非生物因素而改变，主要是温度，以及植物和昆虫之间的生物相互作用。虽然不是所有的内容都与光合作用直接相关（也许更好的书名是“光合生物中的脂质”），但它确实为大多数脂质途径提供了一个有趣而有用的概述。每一章的细节，有时有用的放在历史背景下，是杰出的，很好地参考了原始文献。这种详细的参考，以及精心编辑的风格的书，将使它不仅技术上的重要性，而且是一个有用的和权威的教科书，对高级学生和学者的主题。我们本希望在文本中看到更多的数字，但那些呈现的是有用的和清晰的（尽管在书的前面有所有的彩色板有点烦人）。在整个书中，主题在脂质代谢，需要更多的了解和研究突出。例如，人们一致认为，需要更多关于所有脂质途径中蛋白质结构和活性的信息，并且需要更多关于脂质从质体和其他细胞器输出的工作。书中的章节顺序是合乎逻辑的，第2章解释了脂肪酸合成的初始步骤，然后在第3章和第4章中介绍了叶绿体和线粒体（即MGDG和DGDG）中膜脂的重要性。第5章完成了膜部分，对鞘脂的产生和调节进行了冗长的概述，鞘脂参与外细胞膜。这些章节允许在每个独特的膜特性之间进行直接比较，以及当细胞受到营养胁迫时这些细胞器的反应是如何相关的（例如自噬和细胞稳定性）。在第6章和第7章中读到藻类脂质生物化学的进展和环境对脂质生产力和组成的影响是令人愉快的。这些章节强调了脂质在PSII和PSI复合物中的重要性。这也是一个阅读苔藓、地衣和藻类的好机会。然而，很明显，在这些非模式物种中脂质生物学的遗传调控方面缺乏信息，因此我们希望随着遗传和转录本测序和代谢分析技术的成本降低，我们将看到这一领域的进步。与第7章一样，第8章和第9章概述了模型原核蓝藻中的脂质，以及它们是如何变化的，特别是在去饱和水平上，如何受非生物因素（如低温）的影响。关于异囊糖脂的部分强调了参与合成和修饰这些脂质的酶的系统发育。第10章描述了脂类在光合作用中蛋白质、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素复合物中的作用。脂质与这些结构的相互作用有时在本科阶段被忽视，所以这提供了一个有用的主题概述。这也为下面几章类囊体膜中的脂质奠定了基础。第11至14章强调磷脂酰甘油，MGDG和dgdg在光系统和类囊体膜中的作用；虽然有证据表明这些脂类在光合作用中起着重要作用（例如D1蛋白的蛋白质结合，膜的产生和温度胁迫的保护机制），但在这一领域还有很多工作要做。在第13章中，描述了测量类囊体膜动力学的最新方法。这也强调了研究类囊体中脂质：蛋白质比例调节的必要性。与前一章一致，这一章首先讨论用于研究类囊体膜的方法，然后继续使用图像来展示这些结构。在蓝藻、真核藻类和高等植物之间进行了这种膜的比较。所有这些都巧妙地使用了历史参考和背景。脂质去饱和酶及其在低温驯化中的作用再次成为第十五章和第十七章讨论的主要主题。细胞器之间的脂质运输是细胞生存的重要组成部分；然而，这是脂质代谢的一个领域，我们仍然知之甚少。第16章概述了目前对这些重要过程的了解，并得出结论，在植物细胞脂质代谢和调节这一领域需要进行更多的研究。该书以三章结束，虽然没有直接涉及光合作用，但为读者提供了植物中脂质生物学的更广泛的视角。第18章是一个不同的和详细的章节，关于茉莉酸盐的作用，衍生自18:3光合膜甘油脂，在植物遭受生物胁迫。第19章解释了种子中的脂质代谢，包括许多脂类。这本书总结了一个有用的章节，对最新的分析方法，可以用于识别和定量许多类脂。这是特别有用的，因为分离和分析极其复杂的脂类是出了名的困难和耗时。
Scientific interest in lipid metabolism has exploded since the first edition of this book. This has in part been due to the promise of biofuels derived from photosynthetic organisms. However, it has become clear that we are far from fully understanding the genetic and regulatory complexity of lipid metabolism. No matter what your interest in lipids, Lipids in photosynthesis is essential reading in a currently fast-changing topic. The book (which is part of Springer's series Advances in Photosynthesis and respiration) begins with a comprehensive overview of the advances made in the understanding of lipid biochemistry, including genetic sequencing technology, the exploitation of model species in different phyla such as Arabidopsis, Chlamydomonas and Synechocystis, and the ability to transform a range of photosynthetic species. This nicely sets the scene for the remainder of the book. Alongside text on the advances made in understanding lipid metabolism from model species, there is also information on the diversity of lipids in non-model species and how lipid metabolism is altered in response to abiotic factors, largely temperature, and biotic interactions between plants and insects. Although not all the content is directly relevant to photosynthesis (perhaps a better book title would be ‘Lipids in photosynthetic organisms’), it does provide an interesting and useful overview to most of the lipid pathways. The detail of each chapter, sometimes usefully placed in a historical context, is outstanding and very well referenced to the original literature. This detailed referencing, as well as the well-edited style of the book, will make this not only of technical importance but also a useful and authoritative text book on the subject for advanced students and academics. We would have liked to have seen more figures in the text but those that are presented are useful and clear (although it is somewhat annoying to have the all the colour plates at the front of the book). Throughout the book, topics in lipid metabolism that require more understanding and study are highlighted. For example, there is a consensus that there is the need for more information on protein structures and activity in all the lipid pathways and much more work is required on the export of lipids out of the plastid and other organelles. The chapter sequence in the book is logical, with Chapter 2 explaining the initial steps in fatty acid synthesis followed by the importance of membrane lipids in the chloroplasts and mitochondria (namely MGDG and DGDG) in Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 5 completes the membrane section with a lengthy synopsis of the production and regulation of sphingolipids that are involved in the outer cell membranes. These chapters allow a direct comparison between the unique membrane characteristics of each, and how the responses of these organelles are related when the cells are nutrient stressed (e.g. autophagy and cell stability). It is pleasing to read of the advances made in algal lipid biochemistry and the effect that the environment has on lipid productivity and composition in Chapters 6 and 7. These chapters highlight the importance of lipids in the PSII and PSI complexes. It is also a welcome break to read about moss, lichen and algal species. However, it is evident that there is a lack of information on the genetic regulation of lipid biology in these non-model species, so we hope that as genetic and transcript sequencing and metabolic profiling technology becomes cheaper we will see advances in this area. Like Chapter 7, Chapters 8 and 9 provide an overview of the lipids in model prokaryotic cyanobacteria and how they change, especially in the level of desaturation, to abiotic factors such as cold temperature. The section on heterocyst glycolipids highlights the phylogeny of the enzymes involved in synthesising and modifying these lipids. Chapter 10 gives a description of the role of lipids in the protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid complexes involved in photosynthesis. The interaction of lipids with these structures is sometimes ignored at undergraduate level so this provides a useful overview of the subject. This also sets the scene for the following chapters on lipids in the thylakoid membrane. Chapters 11 to 14 highlight the role of phosphatidylglycerol, MGDG and DGDGs in the photosystems and thylakoid membranes; although there is evidence of the important roles that these lipids have in photosynthesis (e.g. protein binding such as D1 proteins, membrane production and protective mechanisms for temperature stress), there is much more work to be carried out in this area. There is a change of tack in Chapter 13 in that the latest methodology is described to measure the membrane dynamics of the thylakoids. This also highlights the need to study the regulation of the lipid : protein ratio in thylakoids. In line with the previous chapter, this one starts with discussing the methods used to study the thylakoid membrane, and it then goes on to show these structures using good use of images. Comparisons of this membrane are made between cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and higher plants. All of this is nicely placed using historical references and context. Lipid desaturases, and their role in cold temperature acclimation, are again the main topic of discussion in Chapters 15 and 17. Lipid trafficking between organelles is an essential part of cell survival; however, it is one of the areas of lipid metabolism that we still know little about. Chapter 16 overviews the current knowledge of these important processes with the conclusion that much more research is required on this area of lipid metabolism and regulation in the plant cell. The book finishes with three chapters that, although not directly involved in photosynthesis, provide the reader with a broader perspective of lipid biology in planta. Chapter 18 is a different and detailed chapter on the role of jasmonates, derived from 18:3 photosynthetic membrane glycerolipids, in plants that are subjected to biotic stress. Chapter 19 explains lipid metabolism in seeds, encompassing many lipid classes. The book concludes with a useful chapter on the latest analytical methods that can be employed for identifying and quantifying many classes of lipids. This is particularly useful as the separation and analysis of the vastly complex lipid classes can be notoriously difficult and time consuming.