Overabundance in Morphology
Overabundance in Morphology
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形态学过剩
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
A. Thornton
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作者：
A. Thornton
过量是指在词位的屈折范式中，有两种(或更多)屈折形式可以实现同一细胞(即，表达由词位的词汇意义和定义该细胞的形态句法和形态语义特征值组合而来的意义)的情况。英语中的一个例子是Dreamed/Dreamt，这两个词都实现了动词Dream的过去时‘Dream.pst’。实现相同细胞的形式被称为细胞伴侣。某些细胞伴侣可以在相同的语境中互换使用，甚至被同一说话者使用，在风格和意义上没有差异；其他细胞伴侣受到各种条件的制约，因此不同的形式在不同的文体、语域、社会或地理方言中使用，或者在不同的语义、句法或语用语境中使用。根据定义，单元伙伴在某些方面在形式上是不同的：它们可以显示不同的词干(例如，意大利语Sepol-to/seppelli-to‘bury-pst.ptcp’)或不同的结尾(例如，捷克语jazyk-u/jazyk-a‘language-gen.sg’)，它们可能是按照不同的方式构建的(例如，英语中更挑剔的/Choosier‘Choosier’Choosy.comp‘，其中第一个单元伙伴是外围式的，第二个是合成的)，或者它们可能在其他方面不同。过剩可以局限于特定词位的特定单元，也可以系统地出现在特定词位的特定单元或给定词类和语言的所有词位的特定单元中(例如，所有西班牙语动词都有两种方式来实现不完成虚拟语气的所有形式)。
大多数语言学家认为，过多只能作为历时变化中的一个过渡阶段存在，任何一个说话者只使用一个社区曲目中的一个细胞伙伴；此外，许多人认为细胞伙伴总是根据地理-社会-文体条件或意义的不同而不同。然而，基于语料库的对过量的特定实例的研究表明，确实存在可互换的细胞伙伴的情况，单个说话者甚至在同一话语中也可以使用不同的细胞伙伴，并且一些过度丰富的实例在几个世纪内得到了稳定的证明。语言标准化通常旨在消除多余的形式，但低频形式可能会逃脱淘汰并保留使用。许多假设用来规范语言习得的原则(如克拉克的对比原则)禁止过多；然而，比语言习得的早期阶段更晚获得的形式，有时只有通过学校教育，可能会逃脱这一禁令。即使是语法原则，如阻塞，或Pāṇini的原则，似乎也意味着不可能有同义的细胞伴侣。然而，这在很大程度上取决于这些原理的确切表述；细胞伴侣的存在可以与它们的某些版本相一致，并已在最近的理论形态工作中得到承认。
Overabundance is the situation in which two (or more) inflectional forms are available to realize the same cell in the inflectional paradigm of a lexeme (i.e., to express the meaning arising from the combination of the lexical meaning of the lexeme and the morphosyntactic and morphosemantic feature values that define the cell). An example from English is dreamed / dreamt, both of which realize ‘dream.pst’, the past tense of the verb dream. The forms that realize the same cell are called cell mates. Certain cell mates can be used interchangeably in the same context, even by the same speaker, with no difference in style and meaning; other cell mates are subject to various kinds of conditions, so that different forms are used in different styles, registers, social or geographic dialects, or in different semantic, syntactic or pragmatic contexts. Cell mates by definition are formally different in some respect: they may display different stems (e.g., Italian sepol-to / seppelli-to ‘bury-pst.ptcp’), or different endings (e.g., Czech jazyk-u / jazyk-a ‘language-gen.sg’), they may be built according to different means (e.g., English more choosy / choosier ‘choosy.comp’, where the first cell mate is periphrastic and the second one synthetic), or they may differ in various other ways. Overabundance can be limited to a specific cell of a specific lexeme, or it can occur systematically in certain cells of certain lexemes or of all lexemes in a given word class and language (e.g., all Spanish verbs have two ways of realizing all the forms of the imperfect subjunctive).
Most linguists assume that overabundance can exist only as a transitional stage during diachronic change, and that any single speaker only uses one of the cell mates available in a community’s repertoire; besides, many assume that cell mates always differ according to geo-socio-stylistic conditions, or in meaning. However, corpus based studies of specific instances of overabundance have shown that there are cases of truly interchangeable cell mates, that a single speaker can use different cell mates even within the same utterance, and that some instances of overabundance are stably attested for centuries. Language standardization often aims at eliminating overabundance, but low frequency forms may escape elimination and remain in usage. Many principles assumed to regulate language acquisition (e.g., Clark’s Principle of Contrast) ban overabundance; however, forms acquired later than in the early stages of language acquisition, sometimes only with schooling, may escape this ban. Even principles of grammar, such as Blocking, or Pāṇini’s principle, appear to entail the impossibility of having synonymous cell mates. However, much depends on the exact formulation of these principles; and the existence of cell mates can be reconciled with certain versions of them and has been acknowledged in much recent work in theoretical morphology.