The occurrence of alcohol/drugs by toxicological examination of selected drivers in Hong Kong
The occurrence of alcohol/drugs by toxicological examination of selected drivers in Hong Kong
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DOI：
10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.03.022
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Dao, Kwok-Leung
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cheng, Wing-Chi;Dao, Kwok-Leung
这项研究旨在调查在本港涉及交通意外(2006年至2015年)、酒后驾驶(2006年至2015年)及药物驾驶(2010年至2015年)致命受伤的司机(S)的酒精/药物使用程度。2006至2015年间，总共收到了223名致命受伤司机的样本进行毒理学检查。除了一名司机外，其他所有发现阳性的司机都是男性。60例(27%)检出酒精和/或毒品，其中40例(18%)仅检出酒精，20例(9%)检出含酒精或不含酒精的毒品。在2006-2015年间，血液/呼气酒精浓度超过规定限度的案件在致命受伤的司机和酒后驾驶案件中都有下降的趋势。在20宗药物测试呈阳性反应的个案中，有8宗是因饮酒而被发现的，其中只有1宗的酒精含量超逾规定的限度。已知会影响血液中驾驶的药物出现的频率为31次，相当于每个人平均约1.7次。在致命受伤的司机中，氯胺酮是最常被检测到的药物。此外，亦检出镇静剂/催眠药(即安定/去甲西安定、咪达唑仑、7-氨基美西仑、7-氨基硝西潘和佐匹克隆)、吗啡/单乙酰吗啡、可卡因/苯甲酰脑啡肽、甲基苯丙胺、美沙酮和可待因。自2010年以来，提交毒物分析的血液/尿液样本急剧增加，2010-2011年共收到48起案件。自2012年以来，随着对毒驾法律的立法修订的出台，2012-2015年共收到154起案件。经检查的毒驾个案在2010-2011年度的阳性比率为90%(48宗个案中有43宗)，而在2012-2015年度则为89%(154宗个案中有137宗)。单次吸毒司机被发现的频率(2010-2011年为40例，2012-2015年为82例)高于多次吸毒(2010-2011年为3例，2012-2015年为55例)，但在驾驶人群中使用一种以上药物的情况有所增加。大多数病例中发现了氯胺酮(2010-2011年有34例，2012-2015年有104例)。然而，近年来的药物驾驶案件显示，甲基苯丙胺、可卡因和佐匹克隆的使用量有所增加。134份毒驾驾驶员血样氯胺酮浓度均值为0.34，中位数为0.27，范围为0.01~1.8微克/毫升。(C)2017爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
The study is to investigate the extent of alcohol/drug(s) use among selected drivers, i.e. fatally injured drivers from traffic accidents (2006-2015), drink driving (2006-2015) and drug driving (2010-2015) cases, in Hong Kong. Between 2006 and 2015, specimens from a total of 223 fatally injured drivers were received for toxicological examination. Except for one driver, all other drivers with positive findings were male. Alcohol and/or drugs were detected in 60 (27%) cases where alcohol alone was detected in 40 cases (18%) while drugs with/without alcohol were detected in 20 cases (9%). A decreasing trend is observed for cases with blood/breath alcohol concentrations above the prescribed limits in both fatally injured drivers and drivers from drink driving cases in 2006-2015. Out of the 20 cases with positive findings in drugs, 8 of them were found with alcohol in which only one case found at level above the prescribed limit. The frequency of drugs encountered that are known to affect driving in blood is 31, representing an average of about 1.7 drugs per individual. Ketamine was the most frequently detected drug in fatally injured drivers. Sedatives/hypnotics (i.e. diazepam/nordiazepam, midazolam, 7-aminonimetazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam and zopiclone), morphine/monoacetylmorphine, cocaine/benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine, methadone and codeine were also detected. There has been a sharp increase in the submission of blood/urine specimens for toxicological analysis related to drug driving cases since 2010 with a total of 48 cases received in 2010-2011. With the introduction of legislative amendment of drug driving law since 2012, 154 cases were received in 2012-2015. The positive rates for drug driving cases examined were found to be 90% (43 out of 48 cases) in 2010-2011 and 89% (137 out of 154 cases) in 2012-2015. Drivers with single drug use were more frequently detected (40 cases in 2010-2011 and 82 cases in 2012-2015) than multiple drug use (3 cases in 2010-2011 and 55 cases in 2012-2015) but an increase in the use of more than one drug in driving population is noted. Ketamine was detected in the majority of cases (34 cases in 2010-2011 and 104 cases in 2012-2015). However, drug driving cases in recent years revealed that increase usages of methamphetamine, cocaine and zopiclone were observed. The mean, median and range of ketamine concentrations for 134 blood samples taken from drivers in drug driving cases were 0.34, 0.27, 0.01-1.8 mu g/mL respectively. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.