Prey-capture behavior in gymnotid electric fish: motion analysis and effects of water conductivity.
Prey-capture behavior in gymnotid electric fish: motion analysis and effects of water conductivity.
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发表时间：
2001-02
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通讯作者：
M. A. MacIver;Noura M. Sharabash;Mark E. Nelson
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作者：
M. A. MacIver;Noura M. Sharabash;Mark E. Nelson
动物可以通过外周感觉表面的定位来主动影响它们从环境中获得的感觉信息的内容和质量。本研究探讨了无鳍电鳗属的弱电动裸形鱼在捕食行为中的受体表面定位。利用红外视频技术和三维模型跟踪方法，以黑幽灵（A。albifrons）和褐鬼A.在黑暗中捕食的刀鱼（大型蚤）。我们发现，探测距离取决于周围水的电导率。在低水电导率下观察到最佳性能（在35 μ S cm（-）下平均检测距离为2.8 cm，错过率为2%（1），A. albifrons）和在高电导率下最差的性能（在600 μ S cm（-）下平均检测距离为1.5 cm，错过率为11%（1），A. albifrons）。所观察到的电导率的依赖性意味着，非视觉猎物的检测在Apteronotus很可能是占主导地位的动物在其自然环境中所经历的水的电导率的范围内的电感。这一结果提供了第一个证据，参与的电感觉线索的猎物捕捉行为的裸，但它留下了开放的可能性，高频（结节状）和低频（壶腹状）电感受器可能有助于。我们描述了一种对猎物的电感应定向反应，即鱼在检测到猎物后将其身体滚动到背部以上。这种定向反应和猎物在检测时的空间分布突出了躯干背表面对电感觉信号采集的重要性。最后，鱼类运动的定量分析表明，Apteronotus可以调整其轨迹来解释后检测运动的猎物，这表明它使用闭环自适应跟踪策略，而不是开环弹道攻击策略，拦截猎物。
Animals can actively influence the content and quality of sensory information they acquire from the environment through the positioning of peripheral sensory surfaces. This study investigated receptor surface positioning during prey-capture behavior in weakly electric gymnotiform fish of the genus Apteronotus. Infrared video techniques and three-dimensional model-based tracking methods were used to provide quantitative information on body position and conformation as black ghost (A. albifrons) and brown ghost (A. leptorhynchus) knifefish hunted for prey (Daphnia magna) in the dark. We found that detection distance depends on the electrical conductivity of the surrounding water. Best performance was observed at low water conductivity (2.8 cm mean detection distance and 2 % miss rate at 35 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons) and poorest performance at high conductivity (1.5 cm mean detection distance and 11 % miss rate at 600 microS cm(-)(1), A. albifrons). The observed conductivity-dependence implies that nonvisual prey detection in Apteronotus is likely to be dominated by the electrosense over the range of water conductivities experienced by the animal in its natural environment. This result provides the first evidence for the involvement of electrosensory cues in the prey-capture behavior of gymnotids, but it leaves open the possibility that both the high-frequency (tuberous) and low-frequency (ampullary) electroreceptors may contribute. We describe an electrosensory orienting response to prey, whereby the fish rolls its body following detection to bring the prey above the dorsum. This orienting response and the spatial distribution of prey at the time of detection highlight the importance of the dorsal surface of the trunk for electrosensory signal acquisition. Finally, quantitative analysis of fish motion demonstrates that Apteronotus can adapt its trajectory to account for post-detection motion of the prey, suggesting that it uses a closed-loop adaptive tracking strategy, rather than an open-loop ballistic strike strategy, to intercept the prey.