Using GIS to analyze the role of barriers and facilitators to walking in children's travel to school
Using GIS to analyze the role of barriers and facilitators to walking in children's travel to school
复制标题
DOI：
10.1057/udi.2010.18
复制
发表时间：
2011-03-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Schmucker, Jeffrey M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bejleri, Ilir;Steiner, Ruth L.;Schmucker, Jeffrey M.
在过去的30年里，针对步行能力下降的广泛研究已经确定了影响儿童工作或骑自行车上学能力的众多因素。其中，城市形态-城市街区和街道网络的布局和配置-可以限制或促进行人前往学校等目的地。虽然当代的研究使用近似的步行性措施，如起点和目的地之间的直线距离，甚至测量的距离沿着道路网络，存在的物理障碍和促进步行要求一个更准确的方法来评估步行性的功能，由城市形式的限制。地理信息系统（GIS）等现代技术提供了计算此类措施的能力。本文提出了一种GIS的方法，分析了儿童上学的功能，距离沿着网络和影响的路径和学校的可达性的障碍和促进者的作用。这项研究是在佛罗里达四个县的32所随机选择的小学进行的。在每个学校周围产生三个1/2英里（步行10分钟）的行人棚，分别基于（a）直线距离，（B）道路网络距离和（c）行人网络距离，针对主要道路等障碍物进行调整，以及缺乏人行道和便利设施，如人行道，交叉口警卫和学校的后门。根据两个指标对行人车棚进行比较：（1）行人路线直接性（PRD）-一个衡量城市形态渗透性和连通性的指标;（2）每个车棚中的学生人数-一个衡量指标，表明行人车棚如何有效地吸引沿着这些网络中的潜在学生。结果表明，考虑路网距离比直线距离时，行人棚的尺寸减小，考虑障碍物和便利设施时，行人棚的尺寸重新调整。PRD值随着行人棚的调整而下降，这表明可以使用更短，更直接的路径到达学校。研究结果表明，包括障碍和促进者时，测量距离沿着网络提供了一个更现实的版本的真实距离的孩子可能步行到学校。该研究发现，障碍物和促进因素在如何穿越城市景观方面发挥着关键作用，反过来又极大地影响了步行能力和学校的可达性。障碍物可以降低步行性和学校的可达性，而便利设施可以增加行人网络的渗透性和连通性。除了通过增强GIS网络分析以包括障碍物和便利物来改进步行能力测量方法外，这项研究对步行能力的研究具有更广泛的影响，因为它与城市形态有关。地方政府可以利用这些发现制定更好的政策，促进学校选址与住宅开发和交通的密切协调。这些研究结果还可以为城市设计提供信息，包括街道网络的布局和配置、城市街区和建筑物的位置，以支持安全的行人流通，并在整个社区内保持良好的渗透性、连通性和可达性。特别是，这项研究的结果强调了设计连接的行人路径，最大限度地减少障碍，最大限度地促进的重要性。《国际城市设计》（2011年），第16卷，第51-62页。doi：10.1057/udi.2010.18; 2010年8月18日在线发布
Extensive research in response to the decline of walkability in the past 30 years has identified a multitude of factors that affect children's ability to work or bicycle to school. Among others, urban form - the layout and configurations of urban blocks and street networks - can constraint or facilitate pedestrian travel to a destination such as a school. Although contemporary research uses approximate measures of walkability such as straight-line distance between origin and destination, or even measures of distances along roadway networks, the presence of physical barriers and facilitators to walking calls for a more accurate method for assessing walkability as a function of distance dictated by constraints of urban form. Modern technologies like Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer capabilities to enable calculation of such measures. This article presents a GIS methodology that analyzes children travel to school as a function of distance along the network and the role of barriers and facilitators that impact the path and the accessibility to school. The study is conducted in 32 randomly selected elementary schools in four Florida counties. Three pedestrian sheds of 1/2 mile (10 minutes walk) are generated around each school based respectively on (a) straight-line distance, (b) roadway network distance and (c) pedestrian network distance adjusted for barriers such as major roads, and lack of sidewalks and facilitators such as pedestrian paths, crossing guards and rear entrances to school. The pedestrian sheds are compared based on two measures: (1) pedestrian route directness (PRD) - an index that measures urban form permeability and connectivity and (2) the student count in each shed - a measure that indicates how effectively the pedestrian shed captures potential students along these networks. Results show that the pedestrian shed decreases in size upon considering network distance over straight-line distance, and readjusts upon consideration of barriers and facilitators. PRD values decrease as the pedestrian shed is adjusted which indicates shorter, more direct paths to schools are available. Findings suggest that inclusion of barriers and facilitators when measuring distance along the network offers a more realistic version of the true distance a child could potentially walk to school. The study found that barriers and facilitators play critical roles in how the urban landscape can be traversed and, in turn, greatly affect walkability and accessibility to school. Barriers can reduce walkability and accessibility to school whereas facilitators can increase the permeability and connectivity of pedestrian networks. In addition to improving walkability measurement methods by enhancing the GIS network analysis to include barriers and facilitators, this research has broader implications for the study of walkability as it relates to urban form. The findings can be used by local governments to develop better policies to promote close coordination of school siting with residential development and transportation. These findings can also inform the urban design of the layout and configuration of street networks, urban blocks and placement of buildings to support safe pedestrian circulation with good permeability connectivity and accessibility throughout the neighborhood. Especially, findings from this study emphasize the importance of designing for connected pedestrian paths that minimize barriers and maximize facilitators. URBAN DESIGN International (2011) 16, 51-62. doi: 10.1057/udi.2010.18; published online 18 August 2010