School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999
School-associated violent deaths in the United States, 1994-1999
复制标题
DOI：
10.1001/jama.286.21.2695
复制
发表时间：
2001-12-05
影响因子：
120.7
通讯作者：
Potter, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anderson, M;Kaufman, J;Potter, L
背景 尽管 20 世纪 90 年代末美国发生的一系列引人注目的校园枪击事件引起了公众的警惕，但人们对学校相关暴力死亡的实际发生率和特征知之甚少。目的 描述美国学校相关暴力死亡的最新趋势和特征。设计、设置和主题 基于人口的监视研究，对从媒体数据库、州和地方机构以及警察和学校官员收集的数据进行 1994 年 7 月 1 日至 6 月 30 日， 1999. 案件被定义为学生或非学生的凶杀、自杀、法律干预或与枪支相关的非故意死亡，其中致命伤害发生在 (1) 公立或私立小学或中学的校园内，(2) 当受害人在往返此类学校的途中，或 (3) 当受害人正在参加或往返学校主办的官方活动时。 主要成果措施 全国对学校相关暴力死亡风险的估计；与学校有关的暴力死亡的全国趋势；这些事件的共同特征；结果 1994 年至 1999 年间，共查明了 220 起事件，导致 253 人死亡； 202 起事件涉及 1 人死亡，18 起事件涉及多人死亡（中位数为每起多人受害者事件 2 人死亡）。在这 220 起事件中，172 起是他杀，30 起是自杀，11 起是他杀-自杀，5 起是合法干预死亡，2 起是与枪支相关的意外死亡。其中学生死亡人数为 172 人 (68.0%)，估计年平均发病率为每 10 万名学生 0.068 人。 1992 年至 1999 年间，单一受害者学生凶杀案的发生率显着下降 (P=.03)；然而，在多重受害者事件中被杀的学生的凶杀率有所上升 (P=.047)。大多数事件发生在上课时间、午餐时间或放学时间前后。对于其中 120 起 (54.5%) 的事件，受访者表示在事件发生前曾出现过可能表明存在暴力风险的字条、威胁或其他行为。凶杀案犯罪者比凶杀案受害者更有可能在事件发生前表现出某种形式的自杀行为（比值比 [OR]，6.96；95% 置信区间 [CI]，1.96-24.65）并受到同龄人的欺凌（OR，2.57；95% CI，1.12-5.92）。 结论 尽管与学校相关的暴力死亡事件仍然罕见，但经常发生足以允许检测模式和识别潜在风险因素。此信息可能有助于学校应对此问题。
Context Despite the public alarm following a series of high-profile school shootings that occurred in the United States during the late 1990s, little is known about the actual incidence and characteristics of school-associated violent deaths.Objective To describe recent trends and features of school-associated violent deaths in the United States.Design, Setting, and Subjects Population-based surveillance study of data collected from media databases, state and local agencies, and police and school officials for July 1, 1994, through June 30, 1999. A case was defined as a homicide, suicide, legal intervention, or unintentional firearm-related death of a student or nonstudent in which the fatal injury occurred (1) on the campus of a public or private elementary or secondary school, (2) while the victim was on the way to or from such a school, or (3) while the victim was attending or traveling to or from an official school-sponsored event.Main Outcome Measures National estimates of risk of school-associated violent death; national trends in school-associated violent deaths; common features of these events; and potential risk factors for perpetration and victimization.Results Between 1994 and 1999, 220 events resulting in 253 deaths were identified; 202 events involved 1 death and 18 involved multiple deaths (median, 2 deaths per multiple-victim event). Of the 220 events, 172 were homicides, 30 were suicides, 11 were homicide-suicides, 5 were legal intervention deaths, and 2 were unintentional firearm-related deaths. Students accounted for 172 (68.0%) of these deaths, resulting in an estimated average annual incidence of 0.068 per 100000 students. Between 1992 and 1999, the rate of single-victim student homicides decreased-significantly (P=.03); however, homicide rates for students killed in multiple-victim events increased (P=.047). Most events occurred around the start of the school day, the lunch period, or the end of the school day. For 120 (54.5%) of the incidents, respondents reported that a note, threat, or other action potentially indicating risk for violence occurred prior to the event. Homicide offenders were more likely than homicide victims to have expressed some form of suicidal behavior prior to the event (odds ratio [OR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-24.65) and been bullied by their peers (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.12-5.92).Conclusions Although school-associated violent deaths remain rare events, they have occurred often enough to allow for the detection of patterns and the identification of potential risk factors. This information may help schools respond to this problem.