Deforestation and Forest Degradation Due to Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: A 34-Year Perspective
Deforestation and Forest Degradation Due to Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: A 34-Year Perspective
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DOI：
10.3390/rs10121903
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发表时间：
2018-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Silman, Miles
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Espejo, Jorge Caballero;Messinger, Max;Silman, Miles
虽然全球森林砍伐率下降，但亚马逊西部地区的森林砍伐率却在上升。手工采金是森林砍伐的一大原因，并带来了广泛的环境、社会、治理和公共健康影响，包括大量的碳排放和汞污染。ASGM的基础是一个影响其增长、分配和做法的广泛因素网络，如贫困、合法和非法资本的流动、相互冲突的治理和全球经济趋势。尽管它在西亚马逊地区的土地利用和土地覆盖变化中发挥了核心作用，而且其社会和环境影响也很严重，但对它的研究相对较少。虽然秘鲁东南部的ASGM以前已经被量化，但由于所产生的景观的异质性，要做到这一点是困难的。使用一种新的方法对采矿进行分类，这种方法依赖于CLASlite和全球森林变化数据集的融合，这两个基于陆地卫星的森林砍伐检测工具，我们试图量化1984-2017年间由ASGM造成的秘鲁亚马逊南部的森林砍伐，并检查ASGM在这段时间内的地理、方法和影响的趋势。我们发现，在34年的研究期间，ASGM导致了近10万公顷的森林砍伐，与之前的估计相比增加了21%。此外，我们发现，10%的森林砍伐发生在2017年，是研究期间森林砍伐量最高的年度，其中53%发生在2011年以后。最后，通过研究ASGM活动和技术在时间和空间中的关键模式和变化，我们证明了并不是所有的挖掘都是平等的。我们讨论它们与社会经济因素的联系和影响，如土地保有权、基础设施、国际市场、治理努力以及社会和环境影响。
While deforestation rates decline globally they are rising in the Western Amazon. Artisanal-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a large cause of this deforestation and brings with it extensive environmental, social, governance, and public health impacts, including large carbon emissions and mercury pollution. Underlying ASGM is a broad network of factors that influence its growth, distribution, and practices such as poverty, flows of legal and illegal capital, conflicting governance, and global economic trends. Despite its central role in land use and land cover change in the Western Amazon and the severity of its social and environmental impacts, it is relatively poorly studied. While ASGM in Southeastern Peru has been quantified previously, doing so is difficult due to the heterogeneous nature of the resulting landscape. Using a novel approach to classify mining that relies on a fusion of CLASlite and the Global Forest Change dataset, two Landsat-based deforestation detection tools, we sought to quantify ASGM-caused deforestation in the period 1984-2017 in the southern Peruvian Amazon and examine trends in the geography, methods, and impacts of ASGM across that time. We identify nearly 100,000 ha of deforestation due to ASGM in the 34-year study period, an increase of 21% compared to previous estimates. Further, we find that 10% of that deforestation occurred in 2017, the highest annual amount of deforestation in the study period, with 53% occurring since 2011. Finally, we demonstrate that not all mining is created equal by examining key patterns and changes in ASGM activity and techniques through time and space. We discuss their connections with, and impacts on, socio-economic factors, such as land tenure, infrastructure, international markets, governance efforts, and social and environmental impacts.