Outlook for detecting the gravitational-wave displacement and spin memory effects with current and future gravitational-wave detectors
Outlook for detecting the gravitational-wave displacement and spin memory effects with current and future gravitational-wave detectors
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DOI：
10.1103/physrevd.107.064056
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发表时间：
2022-10
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Alexander M. Grant;D. Nichols
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alexander M. Grant;D. Nichols
引力波记忆效应是由引力波信号的非振荡分量引起的，它是广义相对论在非线性区域的预言，与孤立引力系统的渐近性质密切相关。有许多类型的记忆效应已经在文献中被研究过。在这篇文章中，我们关注的是“位移”和“自旋”记忆，它们可能是最大的影响来源，例如已经被LIGO和室女座探测到的二元黑洞合并。位移记忆是由于引力波的爆发而导致的两个初始移动的观测者的相对间隔的变化，而自旋记忆是初始相对速度的观测者的相对间隔变化的一部分。由于这两种影响都很小，LIGO、Virgo和KAGRA只能检测到个别事件的记忆效应，这些事件比到目前为止检测到的事件要响亮得多(因此也更罕见)。然而，通过组合来自多个事件的数据，可以在二进制合并的总体中检测到这些影响。在这篇文章中，我们提出了新的预测，即当前和未来的探测器将需要工作多长时间，以便测量来自双黑洞系统的群体的这些影响，这些群体与从LIGO和处女座的前三次观测运行的探测所推断的群体相一致。我们发现，由LIGO、Virgo和KAGRA组成的第二代探测器网络在O4(“设计”)灵敏度下运行1.5年，然后在O5(“+”)灵敏度下运行多一年，可以检测位移记忆。对于宇宙探测器，我们发现单个大事件的位移记忆可以被检测到，而自旋记忆可以在观测时间的两年内在一个群体中被检测到。
Gravitational wave memory effects arise from non-oscillatory components of gravitational wave signals, and they are predictions of general relativity in the nonlinear regime that have close connections to the asymptotic properties of isolated gravitating systems. There are many types of memory effects that have been studied in the literature. In this paper we focus on the"displacement"and"spin"memories, which are expected to be the largest of these effects from sources such as the binary black hole mergers which have already been detected by LIGO and Virgo. The displacement memory is a change in the relative separation of two initially comoving observers due to a burst of gravitational waves, whereas the spin memory is a portion of the change in relative separation of observers with initial relative velocity. As both of these effects are small, LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA can only detect memory effects from individual events that are much louder (and thus rarer) than those that have been detected so far. By combining data from multiple events, however, these effects could be detected in a population of binary mergers. In this paper, we present new forecasts for how long current and future detectors will need to operate in order to measure these effects from populations of binary black hole systems that are consistent with the populations inferred from the detections from LIGO and Virgo's first three observing runs. We find that a second-generation detector network of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA operating at the O4 ("design") sensitivity for 1.5 years and then operating at the O5 ("plus") sensitivity for an additional year can detect the displacement memory. For Cosmic Explorer, we find that displacement memory could be detected for individual loud events, and that the spin memory could be detected in a population within 2 years of observation time.