The psychology of experimental psychologists: Overcoming cognitive constraints to improve research: The 47th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture
The psychology of experimental psychologists: Overcoming cognitive constraints to improve research: The 47th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture
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DOI：
10.1177/1747021819886519
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发表时间：
2020-01-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Bishop, Dorothy V. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bishop, Dorothy V. M.
像许多其他科学领域一样，实验心理学也受到“复制危机”的影响，这在许多研究领域引起了关注。解决这一危机的方法包括更好地培训统计方法、提高透明度和公开性，以及改变资助机构、期刊和机构制定的激励机制。在这里，我认为，如果提出的解决方案是有效的，我们还需要考虑到人类的认知约束，这可能会扭曲研究过程的所有阶段，包括设计和执行实验，数据分析，并撰写研究结果发表。我特别关注感知和记忆中的认知图式，确认偏差，对统计数据的系统性误解，以及对委托和遗漏错误的道德判断的不对称。最后，我考虑了可能有助于减轻认知约束影响的方法：更好的训练，包括使用模拟来克服统计误解；针对预防认知偏见的具体方案；采用注册报告，鼓励在规划研究中进行更多批判性思考；并使用三角法和研究设计的“事前”评估等方法来培养对话和批评的文化。
Like many other areas of science, experimental psychology is affected by a "replication crisis" that is causing concern in many fields of research. Approaches to tackling this crisis include better training in statistical methods, greater transparency and openness, and changes to the incentives created by funding agencies, journals, and institutions. Here, I argue that if proposed solutions are to be effective, we also need to take into account human cognitive constraints that can distort all stages of the research process, including design and execution of experiments, analysis of data, and writing up findings for publication. I focus specifically on cognitive schemata in perception and memory, confirmation bias, systematic misunderstanding of statistics, and asymmetry in moral judgements of errors of commission and omission. Finally, I consider methods that may help mitigate the effect of cognitive constraints: better training, including use of simulations to overcome statistical misunderstanding; specific programmes directed at inoculating against cognitive biases; adoption of Registered Reports to encourage more critical reflection in planning studies; and using methods such as triangulation and "pre mortem" evaluation of study design to foster a culture of dialogue and criticism.